2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语二
研考 英语二 (科目代码: 204)
试卷条形码
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Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. For each numbered blank there are four choices
marked A,B,C and D. choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET.
(10 points)
Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight
fluctuations.
1 ,when done too often , this habit can sometimes hurt more that it 2 ,
Weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and
physically active, to focusing
3 on the scale. That was counterproductive to my overall
fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of
4
the
number on the scale, I altered my training regimen. That conflicted with how I needed to train
to
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my goals.
I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate
6
of the hard work
and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice
significant changes in weight
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altering your training program. The most
8
changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.
For these
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, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly
weighing schedule
10
. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to
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my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and
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any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to
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my training program.
I also use my bimonthly weigh-in
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to provide information about my nutrition as
well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly
15
and dropping
weight, this is a
16
that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
The
17
to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health,
fitness and well-being. I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry
the burden of a
18
morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in
achieving my specific fitness goals,
19
I’m training according to those goals, instead of
numbers on a scale.
Rather than
20
over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your
clothes fit and your overall energy level.
1. A. Therefore
B. Otherwise
C. However
D. Besides
2. A. cares
B. warns
C. reduces
D. helps
3. A. solely
B. occasionally
C. formally
D. initially
4. A. lowering
B. explaining
C. accepting
D. recording
5. A. set
B. review
C. reach
D. modify
6. A. depiction
B. distribution
C. prediction
D. definition
7. A. regardless of
B. aside from
C. along with
D. due to
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8. A. rigid
B. precise
C. immediate
D. orderly
9. A. judgments
B. reasons
C. methods
D. claims
10. A. though
B. again
C. indeed
D. instead
11. A. trash
B. overlook
C. conceal
D. report
12. A. approve of
B. hold onto
C. account for
D. depend on
13. A. share
B. adjust
C. confirm
D. prepare
14. A. features
B. rules
C. tests
D. results
15. A. anxious
B. hungry
C. sick
D. bored
16. A. secret
B. belief
C. sign
D. principle
17. A. necessity
B. decision
C. wish
D. request
18. A. surprising
B. restricting
C. consuming
D. disappointing
19. A. because
B. unless
C. until
D. if
20. A. dominating
B. puzzling
C. triumphing
D. obsessing
Section II
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answer on answer sheet.(40 points)
Text1
Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later,
in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born
knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease
parents and friends – and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard
so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility
for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that’s not only
reparative but also prosaically.
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and
religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional
equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this
understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is
and what role guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition
that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful
in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important
inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage
humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a
cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
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Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at
the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a
number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin
empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low
in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their
nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and
12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s
overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness)
after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a
chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they
shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared
more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s
deprivation.
21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help__________.
A. regulate a child’s basic emotions
B. improve a child’s intellectual ability
C. intensify a child’s positive feelings
D. foster a child’s moral development
22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still guilt to be _________.
A. deceptive
B. addictive
C. burdensome
D. inexcusable
23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that________.
A. an emotion can play opposing roles
B. emotions are socially constructive
C. emotional stability can benefit health
D. emotions are context -independent
24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.
A. may help correct emotional deficiencies
B. can bring about emotional satisfaction
C. can result from either sympathy or guilt
D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts
25. The word “transgressions” (line4 para5) is closest in meaning to________.
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A. wrongdoings
B. discussions
C. restrictions
D. teachings
Text 2
Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate
change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we
produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could
one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap -- but it involves striking a subtle balance.
Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing
their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many
climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear
brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers
carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture,
so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees
are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in
the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and
beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and
wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.
California’s plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by
2030 -- financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small
share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be
important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is
locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run
on fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is
under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future
the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.
State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the
U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities
for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in
storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next
year, should serve as a model.
26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that
_
A. forests may become a potential threat
B. people may misunderstand global warming
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C. extreme weather conditions may arise
D. global climate change may get out of control
27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to __
A. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity
B. strike a balance among different plants
C. accelerate the growth of young trees
D. preserve the diversity of species in them
28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to __
A. cultivate more drought-resistant trees
B. fin more effective ways to kill insects
C. reduce the density of some of its forests
D. restore its forests quickly after wildfires
29. What is essential to California’s plan according to paragraph 5?
A. To carry it out before the year of 2020
B. To handle the areas in serious danger first
C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions
D. To obtain enough financial support
30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as __
_
A. ambiguous
B. tolerant
C. cautious
D. supportive
Text3
American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. The
complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm
workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable
foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed
in Congress. If this doesn't change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be
the losers.
Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers
enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm
laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than
migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this
century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And
crop picking is hard on older bodies.
One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along:
Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.
Mechanization is not the answer either----not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice,
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soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops,
such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share
of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.
As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the
H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the
visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which
is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren't allotted
all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey
found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late.
And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers
and drive others underground.
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The U.S.
needs a simpler, streamlined, multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by
measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who
meet the requirements. Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and
uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out.
31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers
D. Decline of job opportunities in U. S. agriculture
32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is
?
A. the rising number of illegal immigrants
B. the high mobility of crop workers
C. the lack of experienced laborers
D. the aging of immigrant farm workers
33. What is the much-argued solution the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.
B. To get native U.S. workers back farming
C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops
D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.
34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its
A .slow granting procedures
B. limit on duration of stay
C. tightened requirements
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D. control of annual admissions
35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?
B. Import Food or Labor?
C. America Saved by Mexico?
D. Manpower VS. Automation?
Text 4
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy
to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World
Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use Plastic staples to
combat the plastic crisis.
My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of
what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting
plastic straws,for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even
be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger,
bolder, more effective actions---a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops
us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains
centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as
"consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and
industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day
2018's key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians,
for example. Why not?
It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most
people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be .In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad
Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. De Sombre argue that the best
way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be
structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to
environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just
announced it will” eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also
incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling
is at least as easy as trash disposal.
De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that
individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to
changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into
perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective
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action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s
not something we can buy
36. Some celebrities star in a new video to
A. demand new laws on the use of plastics
B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
D. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may
A. mislead us into doing worthless things
B. prevent us from making further efforts
C. weaken our sense of accomplishment
D. suppress our desire for success
38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens," the author indicates that
A. our focus should be shifted to community welfare
B. our relationship with local industries is improving
C. we have been actively exercising our civil rights
D. We should press our governments to lead the combat
39. De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be
A. a win-win arrangement
B. a self-driven mechanism
C. a cost- effective approach
D. a top down process
40 .The author concludes that individual efforts
A. Can be too aggressive
B. are far from sufficient
C. can be too inconsistent
D. are far from rational
Part B
Directions: you are going to read a list of headings and a text, choose the most suitable heading from the
list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
How seriously should parent take kid’s opinions when searching for a home?
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In choosing a new home, Camille Mc Clain’s kids have a single demand a backyard.
That seemingly reasonable request turned the Chicago family’s home hunt upside down, as
there weren’t many three-bedroom apartments on the North Side — where the family was
looking — that came with yard space. Still, McClain and her husband chose to honor their 4-
and 6-year-old’s request.
“We worked with a few apartment brokers, and it was strange that many of them didn’t even
know if there was outdoor space, so they’d bring us to an apartment, we’d see that it didn’t have
a yard, and we’d move on,” said McClain, who runs Merry Music Makers in Lakeview, a
business focused on music education for children.
McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing,
and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according
to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.
Renters paid attention to their kids’ preferences even more: 83 percent said their children’s
opinions will be a factor when they buy a home.
The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them
feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan
Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.
“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it
removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.
Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home — without actually getting
a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, real estate attorney based in New York and author of
the upcoming children’s book “Home,” about the search for the perfect home from the
viewpoint of a child.
Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home — or
asking them where their toys would go in the house — will make them feel like they’re being
included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.
Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a
real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions
can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
She has a client who has been house-hunting for a while, and he always asks his young
children their opinion. But when this buyer finally decided to write an offer on a home with a
pool, his children burst into tears because they didn’t want a pool.
“They ended up not submitting an offer,” Hampson said. “So speaking with your children
before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision
solely on their opinions.”
The other issue is that many children — especially older ones — may base their real estate
knowledge on HGTV shows, which tend to focus on superficial aspects of real estate, said
Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.
“They love Chip and Julie Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has
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seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset
change comes some serious money consequences.”
Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris
said. And while their opinions on those elements shouldn’t reign supreme, the home buying
process could be a time to start talking to kids about money, budgeting, homeownership and
other financial decisions.
“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “As as harsh as it may be to say,
that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for
them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best — and give them an
opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”
This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace
the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.
Today, wannabe homebuyers have to be more open when it comes to must-haves and what
you can compromise on, Hampson said.
And speaking of compromise: The McClain kids, hungry for outdoor space, fell in love
with a home in the North Park neighborhood that had a large yard. But it wasn’t ideal by their
parents’standards.
The family ended up renting a house in North Center that had a smaller yard, but it was
still big enough for playtime.
“I had to do a bit of a sales job with the kids since they loved the yard in North Park,”
McClain said. “But there’s a hammock they lounge on, a spot to jump rope, a place to play in
the sprinkler, and an area to write with sidewalk chalk.”
A. notes that aspects like children’s friends and social
activities should be considered up on homebuying.
41. Ryan Hopper
B. Believes that home buying should be based on children´s
need´s rather than their opinions.
42. Adam Bailey
C. Assumes that many children’s views on real estate are
influenced by the media.
43. Tracey Hampson D
.
r
em
a
r
ks that significant moves may pose challenges to
ch
i
ld
re
n
.
44. Aaron Norris
E. says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real
estate decisions.
45. Julie Garner
F. advise that home purchase should not be based only on
children’s opinions.
G. thinks that children should be given a sense of
involvement in homebuying decisions.
Section III Translation
46. Directions: In this section, there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your
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translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)
It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable
style that are might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say,
“I could write a book, I just haven’t the time” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot,
contrary to popular opinion did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at
the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final polished
work that he have to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.
Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the
way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was
earned the hard way and his success in the literacy field was no exception.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions: Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.
Write him an email to
1) suggest a specific topic with your reason, and
2) tell him about your arrangement.
You should write about 100 words neatly on your ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address.(10 points)
Part B
48. Directions: in this sections, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart:
(1) interpret the chart, and
(2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)
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