2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）

真题+答案

　　（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）

Section I Use of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.

　　Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That's because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.

　　The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities' average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.

　　7 enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8. But it is really happiness that's linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry , and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.

　　The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to 'less confined decision making process' and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.'' The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16. Firms seem to invest more in places.

　　17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It's not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward -thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,' said one researcher.

　　1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when

　　2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion

　　3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary

　　4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism

　　5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change

　　6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed

　　7. [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often

　　8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered

　　9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize

　　10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods

　　11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable

　　12. [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke

　　13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare

　　14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced

　　15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never

　　16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally

　　17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since

　　18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes

　　19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share

　　20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send act

Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

　　It's true that high-school coding classes aren't essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science.

　　However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it's not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers - but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

　　Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.

　　The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but 'we try to gear lessons toward things they're interested in,' said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

　　The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the 'Ruby on Rails' language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn - how to think logically through a problem and organize the results - apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

　　Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes -for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want -the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that -the better.

　　21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______

　　[A] complete future job training

　　[B] remodel the way of thinking

　　[C] formulate logical hypotheses

　　[D] perfect artwork production

　　22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________

　　[A] experience

　　[B] interest

　　[C] career prospects

　　[D] academic backgrounds

　　23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________

　　[A] help students learn other computer languages

　　[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come

　　[C] need improving when students look for jobs

　　[D] enable students to make big quick money

　　24.According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______

　　[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies

　　[B] stay longer in the information technology industry

　　[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world

　　[D] compete with a future army of programmers

　　25.The word 'coax'(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________

　　[A] persuade

　　[B] frighten

　　[C] misguide

　　[D] challenge

Text 2

　　Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands-once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species 'historic range.

　　The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened .'The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ,' said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as 'endangered,' a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats .But Ashe and others argued that the' threatened' tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action. and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.

　　Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat , USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let 'states' remain in the driver 's seat for managing the species,' Ashe said.

　　Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn't go far enough. 'The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction, ' says biologist Jay Lininger.

　　26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____.

　　[A]its drastically decreased population

　　[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage

　　[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists

　　[D]the insistence of private landowners

　　27.The 'threatened' tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____.

　　[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure

　　[B]would involve fewer agencies in action

　　[C]granted less federal regulatory power

　　[D]went against conservation policies

　　28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____.

　　[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation

　　[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat

　　[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job

　　[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations

　　29.According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species in______.

　　[A]the federal government

　　[B]the wildlife agencies

　　[C]the landowners

　　[D]the states

　　30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______.

　　[A]industry groups

　　[B]the win-win rhetoric

　　[C]environmental groups

　　[D]the plan under challenge

Text 3

　　That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.

　　What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: 'Give up TV' or 'Carry a book with you at all times.' But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, 'is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.' Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

　　In fact, 'becoming more efficient' is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. 'The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,' writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and 'we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.' No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.

　　So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us 'step outside time's flow' into 'soul time.' You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. 'Carry a book with you at all times' can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're 'making time to read,' but just reading, and making time for everything else.

　　31. The usual time-management techniques don't work because .

　　[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind

　　[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading

　　[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them

　　[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed

　　32. The 'empty bottles' metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to .

　　[A] update their to-do lists

　　[B] make passing time fulfilling

　　[C] carry their plans through

　　[D] pursue carefree reading

　　33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps .

　　[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set

　　[B] develop online reading habits

　　[C] promote ritualistic reading

　　[D] achieve immersive reading

　　34. 'Carry a book with you at all times' can work if .

　　[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day

　　[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with

　　[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading

　　[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business

　　35. The best title for this text could be .

　　[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading

　　[B] How to Find Time to Read

　　[C] How to Set Reading Goals

　　[D] How to Read Extensively

Text 4

　　Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

　　Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.

　　Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.

　　From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

　　Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. Whlie younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those 'just getting started in life' face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.

　　Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.' I can't afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.' Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.'I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn't have college degrees,'Schneider said.'I don't think people are capable of that anymore. '

　　36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is .

　　[A] trying out different lifestyles

　　[B] having a family with children

　　[C] working beyond retirement age

　　[D] setting up a profitable business

　　37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to .

　　[A] favor a slower life pace

　　[B] hold an occupation longer

　　[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance

　　[D] give priority to childcare outside the home

　　38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will .

　　[A] become increasingly clear

　　[B] focus on materialistic issues

　　[C] depend largely on political preferences

　　[D] reach almost all aspects of American life

　　39. Both young and old agree that .

　　[A] good-paying jobs are less available

　　[B] the old made more life achievements

　　[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain

　　[D] getting established is harder for the young

　　40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?

　　[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college

　　[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success

　　[C] His parents' good life has little to do with a college degree

　　[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging

Part B

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　[A] Be silly

　　[B] Have fun

　　[C] Ask for help

　　[D] Express your emotions.

　　[E] Don't overthink it

　　[F] Be easily pleased

　　[G] Notice things

　　Act Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age.

　　(1) As adults, it seems that we're constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.

　　41_____ [D] Express your emotions

　　(2) What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on.

　　42______[F] Be easily pleased

　　A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.

　　43_______[A] Be silly

　　Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.

　　44______ [B] Have fun

　　The problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the thing we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)-it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.

　　45______ [E] Don't overthink it

　　Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can back fire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: 'Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.' And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.

Section III Translation

　　Directions:

　　Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

　　The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

　　【参考译文】

　　超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品就会越多；而看到的商品越多，你就会买的越多。超市有大量商品。根据食品营销研究院所说，普通超市大概有44000种不同的商品；很多超市更是会比普通超市多上万种商品。众多选择足以让顾客面临各种信息，不堪重负。根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物--此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。

Section IV Writing

　　Part A

　　47. Directions:

　　Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation. Write him a reply to

　　1) thank him, and

　　2) give you advice

　　You should write about 100 on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.

　　Do not write the address. (10 points)

　　【参考范文】

　　Dear Jack,

　　Your letter of congratulations was received. Thank you for your nice words on my winning the contest. In the letter, you asked me about the skills to do translation, so the following are my advice for you.

　　Firstly, you should analyze the sentence structure, thus catching the meaning of the sentence. Secondly, find the proper words to translate the meaning of the source language into the target language. Thirdly, revise your translation at least three times to check if there are any mistranslations or missed meanings.

　　I hope my advice helpful. Wish to see you soon.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　Part B

　　48. Directions:

　　Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should

　　1) interpret the chart, and

　　2) give your comments.

　　You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

　　【参考范文】

　　Portrayed in the above pie chart is a survey of college students' purposes of traveling. The number of students who take traveling as a chance to see beautiful scenes accounts for 37%, while students who would like to travel to relieve pressure from study take up 35 %.

　　There are several reasons behind the trend revealed in the above chart. To begin with, as the present society is filled with fierce competition, most college students nowadays are under great pressure to stand out among others or to lunch a decent job after graduation. Therefore, they tend to choose traveling as an outlet to relieve their stress. Secondly, with the fast advancement of the living standards of Chinese families, traveling is increasingly affordable to most college students. For this reason, students prefer to travel to see different views to enjoy themselves or to make some friends.

　　From my perspective, no matter what reason it is for, traveling is of great benefit for students to acquire a broader perspective of life. If time permits, we college students should go to see the outside world more often.

2015年考研英语二真题答案（完整版）

　Section I Use of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text。Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)

　　In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones，even without a  1   underground

　　It's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's 2   to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it，  3  into your phone. This universal armor sends the  4  ：'Please don't approach me.'

　　What is it that makes us feel we need to hide  5  our screens?

　　One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be  6  as'creep,'We fear we'II be  7  We fear we'II be disruptive Strangers are inherently  8  to us，so we are more likely to feel  9  when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety, we   10  to our phones.'Phones become our security blanket，'Wortmann says.'They are our happy

　　glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more  11  .'

　　But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn't 12   so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a  13  . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow  14  . 'When Dr.Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to  15  how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their  16  would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,' the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they  17  with

　　the experiment, 'not a single person reported having been snubbed.'

　　18  , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense,  19  human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that   20  : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.

　　1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C]signall [D] record

　　2. [A] nothing [B] link           [C]another            [D] much

　　3. [A] beaten [B] guided         [C]plugged           [D] brought

　　4. [A] message [B] cede            [C]notice [D] sign

　　5. [A] under [B] beyond       [C] behind [D] from

　　6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied     [C] misadjusted       [D] mismatched

　　7. [A] fired  [B] judged         [C] replaced          [D] delayed

　　8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful     [C] unconventional    [D] unfamiliar

　　9. [A] comfortable  [B] anxious      [C] confident         [D] angry

　　10. [A] attend   [B] point [C] take [D] turn

　　11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious  [C] violent [D] boring

　　12. [A] hurt [B] resis [C] bend  [D] decay

　　13. [A] lecture [B] conversation    [C] debate         [D] negotiation

　　14. [A] trainees [B] employees      [C] researchers  [D] passengers

　　15. [A] reveal [B] choose         [C] predictl  [D] design

　　16. [A] voyage   [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride

　　17. [A] went through [B] did away  [C] caught up       [D] put up

　　18. [A] In turn [B] In particular    [C]In fact          [D] In consequence

　　19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas

　　20. [A] funny    [B] simple [C] Iogical  [D] rare

　　答案：

　　1. signal   2. Much  3. plugged   4. message   5. behind

　　6. misinterpreted   7. judged   8. unfamiliar   9. anxious   10. turn

　　11. dangerous   12. hurt    13. Conversation  14. passengers

　　15. predict    16. ride    17. went through   18. in fact

　　19. since     20. simple

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Text 1

　　A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys. People art actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortntlol. Which is it at stress marker. While they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.

　　'Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,' writes one of the researchers. Sarah Damaske, In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. 'it is men not women. Who report being bappicr at home than at work,' Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with childrcn and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why pcoplc who work outside the home have better health.

　　What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they' re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it' s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.

　　But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.

　　On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they' re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they' re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.

　　So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.

　　21.According to Pa ragraph 1，most previous su rveys found that home___________

　　[A]was an un realistic place for relaxation

　　[B]generated more stress than the workplace

　　[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement

　　[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace

　　22.According to Damaske， who are likely to be the happiest at home?

　　[A]Working mothers

　　[B]Childless husbands

　　[C] Childless wives

　　[D]Working fathers

　　23 The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact thay___________

　　[A]they are both bread winners and housewives

　　[B]their home is also a place for kicking back

　　[C]there is often much housework left behind

　　[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office

　　24.The word'moola'(Line 4，Para 4)most probably means___________

　　[A]energy

　　[B]skills

　　[C]earnings

　　[D]nutrition

　　25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____________

　　[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment

　　[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut

　　[C]household tasks are generally more motivating

　　[D]family labor is often adequately rewarded

　　答案：

　　21.D offered greater relaxation than the workplace

　　22.B childless husbands

　　23.A they are both bread winners and housewives

　　24.C earnings

　　25.B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut

　Text 2

　　For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created 'a paradox' in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has 'continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close' achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.

　　But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students.

　　The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity．First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree

　　Their thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.

　　Many first-gene ration students'struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the'rules of the game，'and take advantage of college resou rces,' they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages don't talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students' like them can improve

　　26. Recruiting more first-generation students has

　　[A]reduced their d ropout rates

　　[B]narrowed the achievement gao

　　[C] missed its original pu rpose

　　[D]depressed college students

　　27 The author of the research article are optimistic because

　　[A]the problem is solvable

　　[B]their approach is costless

　　[q the recruiting rate has increased

　　[D]their finding appeal to students

　　28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students

　　[A]study at private universities

　　[B]are from single-pa rent families

　　[q are in need of financial support

　　[D]have failed their collage

　　29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students

　　[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap

　　[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students

　　[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects

　　[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college

　　30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--

　　[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class

　　[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources

　　[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences

　　[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question

　　答案：

　　26.C missed its original purpose

　　27.A the problem is solvable

　　28.C are in need of financial support

　　29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college

　　30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question

　　Text3

　　Even in traditional offices，'the lingua franca of corporate America has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago，' said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn She sta rted spinning off examples.'If you and I pa rachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of terms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were objectives，but we didn't talk about energy；we didn't talk about passion.'

　　Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very 'team'-oriented-and not by coincidence.'Let's not forget sDorts-in male-dominated corporate America，it's still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious；it's the idea that I'm a coach，and you're my team，and we're in this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win'.

　These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as Khu rana points out，increase allegiance to the firm.'You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，'saidKhurana

　　This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The 'mommy wars' of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments about whywomen still can'thave it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home But ifyour work is your 'passion,' you'II be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed

　　But this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，'You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it.' In a workplace that's fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work defines who you are

　　31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become________

　　[A]more e motional

　　[B]more objective

　　[C]less energetic

　　[D]less energetic

　　[E]less strategic

　　32.'team'-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________

　　[A]historical incidents

　　[B]gender difference

　　[C]sports culture

　　[D]athletic executives

　　33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to________

　　[A]revive historical terms

　　[B]promote company image

　　[C]foster corporate cooperation

　　[D]strengthen employee loyalty

　　34.It can be inferred that Lean In_________

　　[A]voices for working women

　　[B]appeals to passionate workaholics

　　[C]triggers dcbates among mommies

　　[D]praises motivated employees

　　35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?

　　[A]Managers admire it but avoid it

　　[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense

　　[C]Companies find it to be fundamental

　　[D]Regular people mock it but accept it

　　答案：

　　31.A more emotional

　　32.C sports culture

　　33.D strengthen employee loyalty

　　34.A voices for working women

　　35.C companies find it to be fundamental

　　Text 4

　　Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporled for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.

　　However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.

　　Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.

　　There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its year ago level.

　　We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is 'yes.'they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.

　　The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.

　　However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.

36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?

　　A. The prospect of a thriving job market.

　　B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.

　　C. The possibility of full employment.

　　D. The acceleration of job creation.

　　37. Many people work part-time because they

　　A. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs

　　B. feel that is enough to make ends meet

　　C. cannot get their hands on full-time jobs

　　D. haven' t seen the weakness of the market

　　38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US

　　A. is harder to acquire than one year ago

　　B. shows a general tendency of decline

　　C. satisfies the real need of the jobless

　　D. is lower than before the recession

　　39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .

　　A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance

　　B. employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance

　　C. it is still challenging to get insurance for family members

　　D. full-time employment is still essential for insurance

　　40. The text mainly discusses.

　　A. employment in the US

　　B. part-timer classification

　　C. insurance through Medicaid

　　D. Obamacare's trouble

　　答案：

　　36.B  the increase of voluntary part-time jobs

　　37.C  cannot get their hands on full-time jobs

　　38.B  shows a general tendency of decline

　　39.B  employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance

　　40.A  employment in the US

　　Some Old Truths to Help You Overcorne Toucgh Times

　　Uefortunately, life is not a bed of roses, We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a rontantic relatlonshlp of a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time,but you should remember that they won't last forever.

　　When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventally move as toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the way.

　　41.

　　Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor will smith once said, 'Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.' I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.

　　42 .

　　If you are ??? by ???     and

　　43. .

　　Sometimes it is casy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.

　　44..

　　No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people, You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives. Try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and cncouragement.

　　45 .

　　Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your of own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself  and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.

　　答案：

　　41.D  Most of your fears are unreal

　　42.E  Think about the resent moment

　　43.G  There are many things to be grateful for

　　44.A  you are not alone

　　45.C  Pave your own unique path

　　Section Ⅲ Translation

　　46. Directions:

　　Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

　　Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy tolose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.

　　This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.

　　The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it wasshorter.

　　参考译文：

　　想想看在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。无论如何，你会熟悉路上的每一个迂回曲折。在这类旅行中，我们很容易会分散注意力并且不太关注路边的风景。结果就是你误以为旅途比实际所用的时间要少。

　　这是美妙的旅程所产生的效果：人们往往会低估在熟悉的旅程中所用掉的时间。

　　我们分散注意力的方式会导致这种结果。当我们在知名的路途中行驶时，我们不必过于集中精力，时间似乎过得飞快。随后，当我们回想整个过程时，由于没有特别留神，会变得印象模糊。此时，我们似乎会觉得这段旅程会更短些。

　Section Ⅳ Writing

　　Part A

　　47.Direerions:

　　Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to

　　1)briefly introduce the camp activities, and

　　2)call for volunteers.

　　You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　Do not use your name or the name of your university.

　　Do not write your address.(10 points)

　　范文：

　　Notice

　　The Students' Union are arranging for a summer camp for high school students to broaden their horizon and experience different life.As there are some foreign students,who will also attend it,some volunteers are needed.The details are as follows.

　　To begin with,the summer camp is scheduled on July 15th and will end on July 22nd.That is to say,it will last for about one week and the theme is 'Loving your country,Loving the world'.What is more,different kinds of activities are included during the camp,like knowledge competition, patriotic songs contest, drama contest and so on.Last but not least,volunteers should be those who are good at communicating with foreigners and also take an active part in activities.

　　If you have any questions,please do not hesitate to contact us at 5678 soon.

　　Students' Union

　　Part B

　　48.Directions:

　　Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, your should

　　1)interpret the chart, and

　　2)give your comment.

　　You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　范文：

　　The pie chart provides some interesting data regarding the family expense of urban residents during Spring Festival in our country. As is shown above, the family expense during the holiday is mainly used for gifts, accounting 40 percent of the whole expense.

　　Obviously, such statistics regarding family expenses reflects the lifestyles of the average urban family in China. To begin with, the most expense used for buying presents suggests that Chinese people are more likely to enjoy a lifestyle of communication during holidays, which may add more flavor to their routine life. What's more, it is interesting to note that urban residents attach importance to giving others gifts, thereby devoting much of the income to gifts for friends, relatives and family members. In addition, there is no denying in saying that the major factor responsible for the phenomenon is that urban people posses more money available for gifts thanks to the growth of urban economy.

　　Taking above-mentioned analysisinto account, we can naturally arrive at the conclusion: as the society further develops, the trend mirrored by the table is bound to continue for a couple of years in the forthcoming future.

2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题

Section I Use of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.

　　Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

　　While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.

　　Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

　　1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured

　　2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome

　　3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore

　　4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example

　　5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern

　　6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of

　　7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies

　　8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part

　　9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward

　　10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless

　　11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste

　　12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay

　　13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant

　　14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency

　　15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored

　　16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated

　　17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only

　　18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded

　　19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies

　　20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without

　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.

　　These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

　　This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most 'happiness bang for your buck.' It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

　　Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent。

　　21.According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?

　　[A]A big house

　　[B]A special tour

　　[C]A stylish car

　　[D]A rich meal

　　22.The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is

　　[A]critical

　　[B]supportive

　　[C]sympathetic

　　[D]ambiguous

　　23.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that

　　[A]consumers are sometimes irrational

　　[B]popularity usually comes after quality

　　[C]marketing tricks are after effective

　　[D]rarity generally increases pleasure

　　24.According to the last paragraph,Happy Money

　　[A]has left much room for readers’criticism

　　[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

　　[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us

　　[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement

　　25.This text mainly discusses how to

　　[A]balance feeling good and spending money

　　[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries

　　[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent

　　[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries

　　Text 2

　　An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

　　We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.

　　Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

　　26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.

　　[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high

　　[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect

　　[C] our need for leadership is unnatural

　　[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective

　　27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______

　　[A] rapid watching

　　[B] conscious choice

　　[C] intuitive response

　　[D] automatic self-defence

　　28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______

　　[A] underestimate their insecurities

　　[B] believe in their attractiveness

　　[C] cover up their depressions

　　[D] oversimplify their illusions

　　29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.

　　[A]instinctively

　　[B]occasionally

　　[C]particularly

　　[D]aggressively

　　30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.

　　[A]present their dishonest profiles

　　[B]define their traditional life styles

　　[C]share their intellectual pursuits

　　[D]withhold their unflattering sides

　　Text 4

　　When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

　　Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

　　Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

　　The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

　　There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

　　Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

　　But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

　　36. The author believes that the housing sector__

　　[A] has attracted much attention

　　[B] involves certain political factors

　　[C] shoulders too much responsibility

　　[D] has lost its real value in economy

　　37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__

　　[A] increased its home supply

　　[B] offered spending opportunities

　　[C] suffered government biases

　　[D] disappointed the government

　　38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.

　　[A] allow greater government debt for housing

　　[B] stop local authorities from building homes

　　[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt

　　[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

　　39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.

　　[A]lower the costs of registered providers

　　[B]lessen the impact of government interference

　　[C]contribute to funding new developments

　　[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities

　　40.The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.

　　[A]implement more policies to support housing

　　[B]review the need for large-scale public grants

　　[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme

　　[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector

　　Section III Translation

　　Directions:

　　Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

　　Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

　　Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.

　　Section IV Writing

　　Part A

　　47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him to email to

　　1)tell him about your living habits, and

　　2)ask for advice about living there.

　　You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.

　　Do not use your own name.

　　Part B

　　48. Directions:

　　Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

　　You should

　　interpret the chart, and

　　give your comments.

　　You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题解析

　　Section I Use of English

　　1、【答案】B concluded

　　【解析】 题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事 实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。所以正确答案为B。

　　2、【答案】A protective

　　【解析】 题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。

　　3、【答案】C likewise

　　【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词 语。A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样 地;也，而且。因此正确答案为C。

　　4、【答案】A indicator

　　【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。A选项，表示指示器，指标。B选项objective表示客观;C选 项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A。

　　5、【答案】D concern

　　【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、 assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。前文已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥胖，因此需要更加关 注的是对肥的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。

　　6、【答案】A in terms of

　　【解析】题干中,肥胖经常______体质指数，或称为BMI来定义。A、in terms of ，根据……，就……而言。B、In case of 表示在某种情况下， C、in favor of 表示赞成，以……来取代，D、in respect of，关于……。因此正确答案为A。在医学研究和临床测试中经常使用BMI作为衡量受试者健康的重要指标，希望考生能够记住这一背景知识，方便日后做题。

　　7、【答案】C equals

　　【解析】本题题干中BMI_____体重除以身高的平方，这里是用文字叙述了BMI指数得出的方法，也就是一个数学公式，所以equal符合题 意。A measure(测量)、B determine表示确定;D modify(修订)。句义就是BMI等于体重除以身高的平方。

　　8、【答案】C in turn

　　【解析】本题题干中，肥胖_____能够分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。A、in essence(事实上、实际上); B、in contrast (相反地);C、in turn(依次); D、in part (部分地)。本句是将肥胖依次分级，所以正确答案为C。

　　9、【答案】D straightforward

　　【解析】题干中，相比之下，这样的数字标准看起来_____，实际上不是的。A、complicated (复杂);B、conservative(保守)、C、variable(可变的);D、straightforward(直截了当);这里的数字标准指 的就是肥胖指数，肥胖指数分为三类，而且算法比较简单，所以A复杂不正确，B选项保守，用于描述一种数学公式，不恰当，一名患者或一名受试者的BMI一般 是确定的，因此可变的也不符合题意，D选项straightforward表示直截了当，符合题意，因此正确答案为D。

　　10、【答案】B while

　　【解析】本句中，一些人有很高的BMI，实际上身材正好，_____其他人有较低的BMI指数，可能_____。从前半句我们可以看出，有些人 的BMI指数很高，应该属于体重肥胖的人，事实上身材正好，这里说明的是反常的现象，后半句是其他人的BMI指数较低，而_____较差。A、so(所 以);B、while(而);C、since(因为);D、unless(除非)四个选项中只有while有转折的含义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确 答案为B。

　　11、【答案】A shape

　　【解析】本题可以简化为：Some … are fit, while others … may be in poor .不难看出，前后意义相反，且fit(体型健康)与in poor 对应，与之最相关是A shape(外形)，故为正确答案。'精神'、'均衡'、'品味'都相差比较远，可以排除。

　　12、【答案】B qualify

　　【解析】本题顺应前文意义：有一些人体型很好，有些人体型体型肥胖。接下来举例说有些专业足球运动员 是肥胖的，'开始'不符;'处在'也不符合句意;'退休'内容无关;'被认为'符合句意，正确。

　　13、【答案】C normal

　　【解析】本句不难理解：有些人脂肪过高，但是BMI却 。所需词汇明显是正向的，排除A、B;D属中性，且不符合句意，C(正常的)契合，为正确答案。

　　14、【答案】D tendency

　　【解析】本题解题关键是后半句：to stigmatize obesity(抵毁肥胖)，作为划线部分的后置定语，将四个选项'选择''理由''机会''倾向'代入划线处，最符合句意的是D(倾向)。后面一句也进 一步证实了(出现在媒体中的肥胖者脸都是打了马赛马的)。

　　15、【答案】C pictured

　　【解析】空格所在句提到了媒体，根据语境，上句讲到当今我们都污蔑肥胖，所以本句的意思应该是媒体污蔑肥胖，四个选项中，跟媒体相关系的词汇只有C picture 意思为刻画，描写，描述。

　　16、【答案】D associated

　　【解析】空格所在句的意思是与肥胖_____的原型包括懒惰，缺乏意志力，对成功的期望值不高。空格后面提到的懒惰，缺乏意志力和对成功的期望 值不高都是与肥胖相关的表现，分析四个选项，A. 与。。。相比;B 与。。。相结合;C. 和。。。和解;都不符合题意，只有D与。。。相联系，相关符合句意。

　　17、【答案】A even

　　【解析】空格所在句的意思是_____小孩子蔑视超重，而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。本空格缺少一个副词，根据语境记忆常识，此处应该填入表示让步关系的词汇，分析四个选项，只有A even 即使符合题意。

　　18、【答案】D grounded

　　【解析】根据语境，空前讲到对肥胖的负面态度，空后讲到对健康的关注，

　　激发一批反肥胖的____。本句没有出现任何转折词，说明空前后所表达的意思是一致的，反对肥胖，是基于对健康的关注，分析四个选项，能够表达此意思的词汇，只有选项D grounded,意思是基于。

　　19、【答案】D policies

　　【解析】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇，比如 hospital system ; ban; many employers institute, 指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的政策的问题，浏览四个选项，D选项policies 符合题意，直接入选。

　　20、【答案】B against

　　【解析】本段的主题是反对肥胖，本句话属于细节的句子，用来支持这个主题，空格所在句讲到米歇尔奥巴马已经发起了一个高知名度的_____儿童 肥胖，甚至告诉奥兹博士，它代表了我们国家最大的安全威胁。空格中缺少词汇应该含有反对，反抗的意思，纵观四个选项，只有B against 符合题意。

Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Text 1

　　21、【答案】B A special tour

　　【解析】细节题。答案定位在第二段的'it is far better to spend money on experiences…like interesting trips…'，意思是'花钱消费在经历方面更好……，比如说有趣的旅行……'，由此可以得知答案是B选项'一场特别的旅行'。

　　22、【答案】A critical

　　【解析】观点态度题。答案定位在第三段的'something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it'，意思是'普通美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，并且看电视几乎不可能更愉快'，因此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是A选项'批判的'。

　　23、【答案】D rarity generally increases pleasure

　　【解析】观点例证题。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到Mc Rib这个例子，用这个例子证明的论点是'luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly'，大意是'有节制地消费奢侈品最令人愉悦'，D选项正是这句论点句的同义替换。

　　24、【答案】B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

　　【解析】细节题。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句'most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent'，大意是'大多数人看完这本书后，认为物有所值'，因此可以推知B选项是正确答案。

　　25、【答案】A balance feeling good and spending money

　　【解析】主旨题。纵观全文可知，全文主要谈论花钱消费和心情愉悦之间的关系，因此答案定位在A选项。

　　Text 2

　　26、【答案】A our self-ratings are unrealistically high

　　【解析】题目问 '根据第一段，社会心理学家发现了什么?'对应于文章第一 段第三句'社会心理学家对所谓的‘高于均数效应’或者‘虚幻的优越感’进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上……—这些数 据明显都是不可能的。'由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。故答案为[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high。

　　27、【答案】C intuitive response

　　【解析】题目问'视觉识别被认为是人们的什么?'对应于文章第三段第三句'视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，且并不是故意的。'由此可知，视觉识别被认为是人们的直觉反应。故答案为[C] intuitive response。

　　28、【答案】B believe in their attractiveness

　　【解析】题目问'Epley发现有更高自尊的人倾向于怎样'。对应到第四段，第二句讲到'没有证据显示那些自我提升最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自 己的不安全，接着讲到：事实上，那些认为自己的形象高于吸引力标准的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人，故答案为[B] believe in their attractiveness。

　　29、【答案】[A] instinctively

　　【解析】题目问'最接近viscerally的意思的是?'。对应到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到'许多人讨厌照片中的自己，从某种 层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。'而下文又讲到facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人们可以分享最满意的的照片。'由此可 知，viscerally在本句中是'本质上地'意思，故答案为[A] instinctively。

　　30、【答案】[D]withhold their unflattering sides

　　【解析】题干问'我们可以推理出脸书(facebook)之所以是一个自我拔高者的天堂，是因为人们可以做什么?'对应于文章最后一段的第二 句，该句讲到'在脸书(facebook)中，人们可以分享最满意的照片。'下文接着讲到'不是人们不诚实，而是人们展示了自己最理想的形象。'故答案为 [D]withhold their unflattering sides。

　　Text 4

　　36、【答案】[B] involves certain political factors

　　【解析】 根据本题题干中的关键词housing sector可以对应到文章的第二段， 中间说的很多，我们注意到最后有but出现，最后应该是作者真正想要表达的观点，另外这里用了the most significant 最高级，所以最后这个是最重要的一个原因，politically charged和选项B的political factors有对应关系，故选B involves certain political factors。

　　A项的吸引注意没有提及，C项的承担太多责任，原文说的shoulder the blame，D项说的丧失价值，原文说的是不善于表明真正价值，两者不一致，故排除。

　　37、【答案】[C] suffered government biases

　　【解析】经济适用房曾受到政府的偏见。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句话It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要把历史的偏见放在一边并且采取一些策略解决我们迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是过去式，是对于原文history 的同义反复，biases 是对原文prejudices的同义反复。

　　38、【答案】[A] allow greater government debt for housing

　　【解析】根据人名George Osborne定位得知，此人将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年 中建立，并由此拉动国内生产总值的百分之零点六。因此A(允许更大的政府的建房借贷)是正确的，而B(禁止当地政府建房)，C(准备减少建房借 贷)，D(发布国内生产总值增长的预报)都与原文意思不符。

　　39、【答案】[C] contribute to funding new developments

　　【解析】推断题。根据文章题干定位到第五段，题干考察的是对稳定的租赁环境的理解。A项的意思是'减少注册供应者的成本'，其中'成本一词'并 未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是'减少政府接介入的影响'，其中'政府介入'并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是'有助于为新发展提供 资金支持'，其中'为新发展提供资金支持'对应文中的'fund new developments';C选项中的'contribute to'(意思是有助于)对英文中的have a significant impact(意思是有重要影响)，符合正解的同义复现原则，所以是正确选项。

　　40、【答案】[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

　　【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段第三行。考察的是2015年以后政府的可能性动作。A项的意思是'推行更多的政策来支持住房'与原文意 义相反。B项的意思是重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求，与原文倒数第二段意义相违背。C项的意思是更新可负担的住房拨款项目并没有提到renew一词。D项 的意思是停止对住房部门的大额资助，与原文的倒数第二句相匹配，故为正确选项。

　Section III Translation

　　46、

　　【参考译文】

　　大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。

　 　Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获 得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最 后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。

　　Section IV Writing

　　Part A

　　47. Directions:

　　Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to

　　1) tell him about your living habits, and

　　2) ask for advice about living there

　　Dear John,

　　I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.

　　To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o’clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there.

　　I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　Part B

　　48. Directions:

　　Directions:

　　Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should

　　1) interpret the chart, and

　　2) give your comments.

　　You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

　　Writing B

　　What is clearly presented in the above chart is the different numbers of urban residents and rural population among 1990,2000 and 2010.The number of urban residents climbed steadily from 300 million in 1990 to 660 million or so in 2010，while rural population decreased slightly from about 820 million to 680 million or so in the same period.

　　It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors accounting for this trend. On the one hand, with the rapid development of economy and society, people in mounting numbers crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living and the excitement of urban life recently. On the other hand, the economy in the rural districts is comparative less developed and thus the opportunity to make money and pursue their future is as well lean. As a result, an increasing number of folks are trying to escape this destiny by flocking into the urban areas.

　　Given the analyses above, I firmly believe that such established trend will surely continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years and due importance should be attached to this evident situation.

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语（二）试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）

Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.1, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been2for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very3of money itself,” only to 4itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so5in coming?

Although emoney might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work6the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very7to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the8form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they9receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to10. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days11a check is cashed and funds are12from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.13electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may14security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information15there.

The fact that this is not an16occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and17from someone elses accounts. The18of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to19security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic20that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

1. ［A］ However

［B］ Moreover

［C］ Therefore

［D］ Otherwise

2. ［A］ off

［B］ back

［C］ over

［D］ around

3. ［A］ power

［B］ concept

［C］ history

［D］ role

4. ［A］ reward

［B］ resist

［C］ resume

［D］ reverse

5. ［A］ silent

［B］ sudden

［C］ slow

［D］ steady

6. ［A］ for

［B］ against

［C］ with

［D］ on

7. ［A］ imaginative

［B］ expensive

［C］ sensitive

［D］ productive

8. ［A］ similar

［B］ original

［C］ temporary

［D］ dominant

9. ［A］ collect

［B］ provide

［C］ copy

［D］ print

10. ［A］ give up

［B］ take over

［C］ bring back

［D］ pass down

11. ［A］ before

［B］ after

［C］ since

［D］ when

12. ［A］ kept

［B］ borrowed

［C］ released

［D］ withdrawn

13. ［A］ Unless

［B］ Until

［C］ Because

［D］ Though

14. ［A］ hide

［B］ express

［C］ raise

［D］ease

15. ［A］ analyzed

［B］ shared

［C］ stored

［D］ displayed

16. ［A］ unsafe

［B］ unnatural

［C］ uncommon

［D］ unclear

17. ［A］ steal

［B］ choose

［C］ benefit

［D］ return

18. ［A］ consideration

［B］ prevention

［C］ manipulation

［D］ justification

19. ［A］ cope with

［B］ fight against

［C］ adapt to

［D］ call for

20. ［A］ chunk

［B］ chip

［C］ path

［D］ trail

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）

Text 1

In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”

Davidsons article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middleclass incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.

Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But theres been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “ In the 10 years ending in 2009, ［U.S.］ factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”

There will always be changed—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to posthigh school education.

21.The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate.

［A］ the impact of technological advances

［B］ the alleviation of job pressure

［C］ the shrinkage of textile mills

［D］ the decline of middleclass incomes

22.According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to.

［A］ work on cheap software

［B］ ask for a moderate salary

［C］ adopt an average lifestyle

［D］ contribute something unique

23.The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that.

［A］ gains of technology have been erased

［B］ job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

［C］ factories are making much less money than before

［D］ new jobs and services have been offered

24.According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is.

［A］ to accelerate the I.T. revolution

［B］ to ensure more education for people

［C］ to advance economic globalization

［D］ to pass more bills in the 21st century

25.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

［A］ New Law Takes Effect

［B］ Technology Goes Cheap

［C］ Average Is Over

［D］ Recession Is Bad

Text 2

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We dont need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home healthcare aides and physicists are among todays birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.

With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.

26.“Birds of passage” refers to those who.

［A］ immigrate across the Atlantic

［B］ leave their home countries for good

［C］ stay in a foreign country temporarily

［D］ find permanent jobs overseas

27.It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the U.S..

［A］ needs new immigrant categories

［B］ has loosened control over immigrants

［C］ should be adapted to meet challenges

［D］ has been fixed via political means

28.According to the author, todays birds of passage want.

［A］ financial incentives

［B］ a global recognition

［C］ opportunities to get regular jobs

［D］ the freedom to stay and leave

29.The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated.

［A］ as faithful partners

［B］ with economic favors

［C］ with legal tolerance

［D］ as mighty rivals

30.Which is the best title for the passage?

［A］ Come and Go: Big Mistake

［B］ Living and Thriving: Great Risk

［C］ Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake

［D］ With or Without: Great Risk

Text 3

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hardwired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hardwired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or openmindedness.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli arent exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fastfood logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing. Subjects exposed to fastfood flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” longterm study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hardwired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dog can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasnt changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend.

31.The time needed in making decisions may.

［A］ vary according to the urgency of the situation

［B］ prove the complexity of our brain reaction

［C］ depend on the importance of the assessment

［D］ predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32.Our reaction to a fastfood logo shows that snap decisions.

［A］ can be associative

［B］ are not unconscious

［C］ can be dangerous

［D］ are not impulsive

33.To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should.

［A］ trust our first impression

［B］ do as people usually do

［C］ think before we act

［D］ ask for expert advice

34.John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on.

［A］ critical assessment

［B］ “thin sliced” study

［C］ sensible explanation

［D］ adequate information

35.The authors attitude toward reversing the highspeed trend is.

［A］ tolerant

［B］ uncertain

［C］ optimistic

［D］ doubtful

Text 4

Europe is not a genderequality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely familyfriendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europes top corporategovernance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.

The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.

Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?

“Personally, I dont like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.

I understand Redings reluctance—and her frustration. I dont like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.

After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Shery Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.

If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their childrens caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

36.In the European corporate workplace, generally.

［A］ women take the lead

［B］ men have the final say

［C］ corporate governance is overwhelmed

［D］ senior management is familyfriendly

37.The European Unions intended legislation is.

［A］ a reflection of gender balance

［B］ a reluctant choice

［C］ a response to Redings call

［D］ a voluntary action

38.According to Reding, quotas may help women.

［A］ get top business positions

［B］ see through the glass ceiling

［C］ balance work and family

［D］ anticipate legal results

39.The authors attitude toward Redings appeal is one of.

［A］ skepticism

［B］ objectiveness

［C］ indifference

［D］ approval

40.Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of.

［A］ more social justice

［B］ massive media attention

［C］ suitable public policies

［D］ greater “soft pressure”

Part B

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list AG for each numbered paragraph (4145).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

［A］ Live like a peasant

［B］ Balance your diet

［C］ Shopkeepers are your friends

［D］ Remember to treat yourself

［E］ Stick to what you need

［F］ Planning is everything

［G］ Waste not, want not

The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at Londons best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious.“The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that Id lost. But its still a daybyday thing.”Now hes living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. Hes feeling positive, but hell carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Heres his advice for economical foodies.

41.

Impulsive spending isnt an option, so plan your weeks menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: its not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. Its also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, youll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.

42.

This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, youll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is prepacked in the supermarket chiller.

43.

You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—thats not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off”will be cooked or juiced.

44.

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fishsellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon youll feel comfortable asking if theyve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, theyll let you have for free.

45.

You wont be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21—more than enough for a threecourse lunch at Michelinstarred Arbutus. Its ￡16.95 there—or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Dominos: I know which Id rather eat.

Section III Translation

46.Directions:

Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15 points）

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. Ive been able to do this, since I was 4.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side. I dont think its harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesnt make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

Section IV Writing

Part A

47.Directions:

Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to

1) inform them about the details and

2) encourage them to participate.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Dont write your address.（10 points）

Part B

48.Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should

1) interpret the chart, and

2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words.（15 points）

某高校学生兼职情况

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）参考答案

1.［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑关系

［解析］ 此类考题形式表明本题考查上下文之间存在的逻辑关系，理解上下文并破解其逻辑关系是解题的关键。空格所在句的上句大意为：我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会；而本句大意为：一个无现金社会不太可能很快出现，由此可见上下文之间有转折关系。［A］项However意为“然而”，表转折，符合题意；［B］项Moreover意为“而且”，表递进；［C］项Therefore意为“因此”，表结果；［D］项Otherwise意为“否则”，表对比。

2.［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与介词辨析

［解析］ 根据空格所在句中的but可知，本句前后两个分句存在转折关系。第二个分句大意为：这样一个（无现金）社会的预言没有实现，所以第一个分句大意应该为：这样的预言已经进行（或存在）了二十年。［D］项around作表语，表示“在存在，在使用中”，符合题意。

3.［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑与名词辨析

［解析］ 该句大意为：《商业周刊》于1975年就预言电子支付“将很快彻底改变金钱的”。在无法猜测空格所需要词义的时候，我们可以采用“代入法”，即：把四个选项分别放入句子试验，从而确定正确选项。［A］项power意为“力量，权利”；［B］项concept意为“理念，概念”；［C］项history意为“历史”；［D］项role意为“角色”。电子支付将会改变金钱这一概念，由此可知［B］项符合题意。

4.［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与动词词义辨析

［解析］ 本句空格之前部分大意为：商业周刊于1975年就预言说电子支付“将彻底改变金钱这一概念”，only to意为“却；不料竟会”，表示结果出乎意料，itself指代商业周刊，由此推测空格中需要“否定”或者“推翻”等类似词义。［A］项reward意为“奖赏；报答”；［B］项resist意为“抵制，抵抗”；［C］项resume意为“重新开始，继续”；［D］项reverse意为“推翻；使倒退；逆转”，故［D］符合题意。

5.［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑与形容词词义辨析

［解析］ 上文说明了早在1975年就有预言说无现金社会可能即将到来，而作者认为实际上真正的无现金社会不会马上到来，并通过事例证明。空格所在句子就是提问为什么会这样，也就是为什么无现金社会只可能缓慢到来，所以本题答案为［C］项slow。［A］项silent意为“安静的，沉默的”；［B］项sudden意为“突然的”；［D］项steady意为“平稳的；固定的”，都与题意不符，故［D］排除。

6.［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 上下文语义与动词词组辨析

［解析］ 上一段最后提问“为什么无现金社会的到来如此缓慢”，本段将分析其原因；同时， although引导的让步状语从句肯定了电子货币might be more convenient and may be more efficient(便捷，高效)，空格所在主句与从句之间存在转折关系，意思是说几个因素使得纸币系统不会消失。空格之前的动词work意为“起作用”；与［B］项构成work against,意为“违背，妨碍；起反作用”，符合题意；与［C］项构成work with,意为“与……共事，对……起作用”；与［D］项构成work on，意为“从事……工作，对……起作用”，都不符合题意，排除。

7.［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与形容词词义辨析

［解析］ 空格所在句为纸币支付“不会”消失的第一个原因，同时，空格中的形容词是对to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks（安装电脑、读卡器，建立通讯网络）的说明。［A］项imaginative意为“富有想象力的”，明显不符合句意；［B］项expensive意为“昂贵的”，符合句意；［C］项sensitive意为“敏感的，灵感的”，不符合句意；［D］项productive意为“多产的”，不符合句意。

8.［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑与形容词词义辨析

［解析］ 本段探讨电子货币不能取代纸币的原因，空格所在句意为“使得电子货币成为（什么性质的）支付方式”，由此推断，空格中需要“主流，主要，流行”等类似词义。［A］项similar意为“相似的”；［B］项original意为“原始的，独创的”；［C］项temporary意为“暂时的，临时的”，与题意不符，排除。［D］项dominant意为“统治的，处于支配地位的”，符合题意。

9.［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑与名词词义辨析

［解析］ 空格所在句是电子货币不会取代纸质货币的第二个原因，就是纸质支票的一个优点；能（什么）receipt（收据，发票；收入），由此推测空格中需要“提供”等类似词义。［A］项collect意为“收集”，与句意不符，排除；［B］项provide意为“提供”，符合句意；［C］项copy意为“复印”；［D］项print意为“打印”，不符合句意，排除。

10.［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与动词短语解析

［解析］ 空格中动词短语的宾语是something，指代上文的advantage，即：纸质支票支付具有能够提供收据这一优势，而这一优势人们自然是不会放弃的。由此推测空格中需要填入意为“放弃”之类的单词。［A］项give up意为“放弃”，符合题意；［B］项take over意为“接管”；［C］项bring back意为“拿回来；回想起”；［D］项pass down意为“使流传，一代传一代”，均不符合题意，可排除。

11.［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与连接词辨析

［解析］ 空格中是连接词，连接两个分句，前一分句大意为：需要花几天，后一分句大意为：纸质钞票兑现；同时本句最后which引导的定语从句也对空格所在部分发生的事情做了解释：这就意味着可以获得利息。由此推断空格所在部分大意为：支票开出几天后才会兑现，由此确定本题答案为［A］项before。

［注意］ ...time/times/number/amount/all...before…可视为固定句式，表示“多长时间/多少次数/多少数量/所有的都……才……”之意。

12.［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与动词词义辨析

［解析］ 空格所在部分与a check is cashed（支票兑现）通过and连接，为并列关系，语义相近；同时空格中被动态动词的主语为funds（资金）。由此推断空格中需要“提取，提款”等类似词义。［A］项kept意为“保持，保存”；［B］项borrowed意为“借，借款”；［C］项released意为“释放，发布”，均不符合题意，可排除。［D］项withdrawn意为“取钱，提款；撤退”，符合题意。

13.［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑与连接词辨析

［解析］ 空格所在句子的上一句已经说明一个事实：the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”,由此推断electronic payments are immediate（电子支付是即时的）是they eliminate the float for the consumer(排除了消费者的在途资金)的原因。［A］项Unless意为“除非”，表条件关系；［B］项Until意为“直到”，表示时间关系；［C］项Because意为“因为，由于”，表因果关系，符合题意；［D］项Though意为“然而”，表让步关系。

14.［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与动词词义解析

［解析］ 空格中的动词为本句谓语动词，其主语是electronic means of payment（电子支付方式），宾语是security and privacy concerns（安全及隐私担忧）。由此推断空格中需要“引起”等类似词义。［A］项hide意为“躲藏；隐瞒”；［B］项express意为“表达”；［C］项raise意为“引起；抬高；抚养”，符合题意；［D］项ease意为“减轻，缓解”。

15.［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与动词词义解析

［解析］ 空格之前提到hacker（黑客）能够进入电脑数据库，那么下一个动作就是修改存储于数据库的信息。［A］项analyzed意为“分析”；［B］项shared意为“分享，共有”；［C］项stored意为“储存”，符合题意；［D］项displayed意为“陈列，展示”。

16.［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑与形容词词义辨析

［解析］ 上一段最后一句提到我们常常听到黑客进入电脑数据库修改信息的事实，空格所在句中的this指代这一事实；同时，本句表示肯定，而前面又出现了否定词，所以要用双重否定，选填词汇意思应为不普遍的。［A］项unsafe意为“不安全的”；［B］项unnatural意为“不自然的”；［C］项uncommon意为“不是普遍的”，符合题意。［D］项unclear意为“不清楚的”。

17.［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与动词词义辨析

［解析］ 空格中动词与access bank accounts in electronic payments systems(进入电子支付系统的银行账户)是并列谓语，其主语是dishonest persons（不诚实的人们），由此可以推断他们进入银行账户的下一个动作就是“偷窃”。［A］项steal意为“偷盗，偷窃”，符合题意；［B］项choose意为“挑选”；［C］项benefit意为“收益，有利于”；［D］项return意为“归还，返回”。

18.［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 上下文逻辑与名词词义辨析

［解析］ 空格所在句中的this type of fraud（这种诈骗）指代上文进入银行账户盗取他人资金的行为，结合空格之后的no easy task（并非易事）可以推断空格中需要“解决，应对”或“预防”等类似词义。［A］项consideration意为“考虑”；［B］项prevention意为“阻止，防止”，符合题意；［C］项manipulation意为“操纵”；［D］项justification 意为“正当理由”。

19.［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与动词短语辨析

［解析］ 空格所在句子用and与上句连接，是并列关系，上句提到预防此类诈骗并非易事，本句大意为：计算机科学的一个崭新领域正在发展，由此推断其目的便是解决这个问题。［A］项cope with 意为“妥善处理，解决”，符合题意；［B］项fight against 意为“反对”；［C］项adapt to 意为“适应”；［D］项call for 意为“需要，需求”。

20.［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 句内语义理解与名词词义辨析

［解析］ 空格所在句子指出了人们对电子支付的另一个担忧：电子支付会留下电子形式的痕迹，其中包括大量有关个人购物习惯的信息。［A］项chunk 意为“厚块,大块”；［B］项chip意为“芯片；薯条”；［C］项path意为“小路，路”；［D］项trail意为“痕迹，踪迹”，符合题意。

【全文翻译】

想到电子货币的种种优势，你可能会认为我们会很快进入无现金社会，在这里，所有支付都以电子形式完成。然而，真正意义上的无现金社会不会很快到来。的确，早在二十年前就出现了无现金社会的预言，但是至今仍没有实现。例如，《商业周刊》于1975年就预言说电子支付形式将很快彻底改变金钱本身的概念，而结果却是几年后推翻了自己的预言。为什么进入无现金社会的过程这么缓慢呢？

尽管比起纸质货币支付系统，电子支付更便捷、更高效，然而几个因素使得纸币支付系统不会消失。首先，要使电子货币成为主流支付方式，就必须安装电脑和读卡器并建立通讯网络，这是非常昂贵的；第二，纸质支票的优势是它能提供凭证，而很多顾客不愿放弃凭证；第三，使用纸质支票，顾客就有几日的在途资金，也就是说：要过几天支票才兑现，账户中的资金才被提取，这就意味着写支票的人可以得到几日的利息。由于电子支付时是即时的，就排除了顾客的在途资金；第四，电子支付可能会引起人们对安全和隐私问题的担忧。我们经常听到这样的媒体报道：黑客未经授权就能够进入电脑数据库，篡改其中存储的信息。

此类事件的发生并非异常，这就意味着不诚实的人会进入电子支付系统的账户，从他人账户中盗走资金。预防此类诈骗行为并非易事，计算机科学的一个新领域正在发展，试图解决这一难题。人们对电子支付形式的另一种担忧是电子支付方式会留下一些痕迹，其中包含大量有关个人购物习惯的信息。人们担忧政府部门、雇主、销售人员可以获取这些信息，进而侵犯个人隐私。

21.［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 例证题

［正确项精解］ 例证题的解题思路是：先找到事例，如果事例出现在文章开头，其作用往往是引出主题或阐明观点；如果事例出现在行文之中，其作用是为了证明某一观点。本题中的joke出现在文章开头，其作用首先是引出文章主题，但是也有证明观点的作用。阅读得知，第一段全段都是joke的内容，于是要证明的观点应该出现在第二段，阅读第二段得知本段便是joke所要阐明的观点，其大意为：高失业率和中产阶层收入下降的一个原因是全球化和信息技术的进步。由此确定［A］为本题答案。是对该句内容的“概括和同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ ［B］就业压力的缓解，与本文谈论话题相反，属于“正反混淆”；［C］纺织厂规模的缩减，与文章内容无关，属于“无中生有”，［D］中产阶级收入减少，不是文章谈论的重点，文章重在谈论造成中产阶级收入减少的原因（技术进步的影响），属于“偷换概念”。

22. ［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 限定在第三段。根据题干关键词to be a successful employee,精确定位到文章第三段的最后一句Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment，其中，stand out (突出)对应题干中的to be successful, 由此理解到要成为成功的员工，everyone needs to find their extra（人人都需要找到自己超常的价值），也就是说their unique value contribution（他们独特的贡献）。［D］项中的contribute something unique是对their unique value contribution的同义改写，为本题的答案。属于“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项的干扰来自于第三段:It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.文中意思是，雇主（employer）可以购买到便宜的软件，而不是说员工（employee）的情况，属于“偷换概念”。［B］项a moderate salary在文中没有相关信息，属于“无中生有”。［C］项的干扰来自第三段第一句In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle.（过去，掌握一般技术，从事一般性工作的人可以通过劳动过上普通的正常生活。）显然文中是说过去平庸的人可以过上一般的生活，而［C］项将an average lifestyle安插在successful employee身上，属于“张冠李戴”。

23. ［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 例证题

［正确项精解］ 本题中的quotation出现在第四段，属于文中引用（举例），要证明的观点便是其上一句：Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But theres been acceleration（新技术一直并将继续吞噬工作岗位，但是近来有加速的趋势）。由此可见［B］项为本题答案。如果前一句话确实理解不透，便可认真领会例子本身传递的道理。［B］项和［D］项内容相反，一般其中之一正确。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项gains of technology have been erased中的been erased在文中找不到依据，［C］项factories are making much less money than before也没有相关内容提及，属于“无中生有”。文章第三段说明，工作岗位正在减少，而［D］项正好相反，属于“正反混淆”。

［技巧点拨］ 事例、引用和数据在文章中具有相同的作用：引出文章主题或者证明某个观点，此类题目都可归为例证题。解题思路是：先找到事例，再看其在文中的位置，如果出现在文章开头，其作用是引出主题或者阐述一个观点，如果出现在行文之中，其作用一定是证明某个观点，并且要证明的观点一般都在事例本身所在句子的上一句，有时候也可能在下一句。

24. ［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 根据本题关键词to reduce unemployment, 精确定位到最后一段：there are many things we need to do to support employment(需要很多东西来支持就业)，所谓支持就业便是减少失业，之后的but nothing would be more important than(但最重要的是)给出了本题答案：passing some kind of G. I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to posthigh school education,其大意为：通过某些法案确保每个美国人都有机会接受高中以后的教育。由此可见，减少失业最重要的是让人们接受教育，［B］项为本题答案。属于“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项和［C］项的干扰都来自第二段：the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middleclass incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution，即失业率一直居高不下、中产阶层收入下降的原因是全球化以及信息技术革命的进步，可见全球化以及信息技术革命是导致失业增多的原因，而非减少失业的措施，属于“因果倒置”。［D］项的干扰来自文章最后一句，文章提及要颁布更多法案，但颁布法案的目的是为了保障教育，这属于“偷换概念”。

25. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 主旨题

［正确项精解］ 第一段和第二段均属于对Adam Davidson 文章的引用和说明，主题就在第三段，第三段第一句话为In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle,但第二句的转折词But立刻把中心转移到：today, average is officially over,大意为：如今，平庸（一般化）时代正式结束了。第四段进一步阐述技术进步给就业形势造成的严峻冲击，接下来是从业者的解决措施：接受更多更好的教育，使自己超越普通人。最后一段重申主题：平庸时代正式结束。由此可见，［C］项为本题答案。属于“概括性”。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项和［B］项在文中都有所体现，但都是片面之词，并非文章主旨，属于“以偏概全”。文章根本没有提及经济萧条这一情况，故［D］“萧条很糟糕”属于“无中生有”。

［技巧点拨］ 主旨题大多都可以通过第一段的理解、对文章引出主题方式的辨认来解答。首段提问、转移中心、事例开头、类比开头都是引出主题的方式。本文开头显然是引用，属于事例开头法引出主题的形式。

【全文翻译】

Adam Davidson在其题为“成功在美国”的文章中讲述了这样一个棉花生产国的笑话，是关于现代棉织厂高度自动化的：如今一般工厂只有两名员工，“一个人和一条狗，人的职责是喂狗，狗的职责是不让人靠近机器。”

Adam Davidson的文章只是众多类似文章的代表,这些文章都阐明了同一个观点：失业率一直居高不下、中产阶层收入下降的原因也是全球化以及信息技术革命的进步，而这一进步比以往更加迅速地用机器和外籍工人来代替劳动力。

过去，掌握一般技术、从事一般性工作的人可以通过劳动过上普通的生活。但如今平庸时代正式结束了。平庸无法使你过上过去那样的生活。当更多的雇主有更多的途径招募到非凡廉价的外国劳动者，购买到廉价的机器人和软件，低成本实现自动化，也可以挖掘到廉价的人才时，平庸无法使你过上过去那样的生活。所以，每个人都不得不找到自己的额外价值，也就是能使其在任何职业领域都突出的特有的价值贡献。

的确，新技术一直并将继续吞噬工作岗位，但是近来有加速的趋势。正如Adam Davidson所说，2000到2009的十年间美国工厂裁员速度如此之快，以至于裁减人数几乎到了以前70年招工人数的总和；大约三分之一的制造业岗位消失不见，失业总数高达600万。

将来也一直会有改变：新工作、新产品和新服务。但我们可以肯定的是，随着全球化和IT技术的进步，将来最好的工作都会对从业者提出新的要求：他们必须接受更多更好的教育，使自己超越普通人。

在平庸时代正式结束的社会，我们不得不采取多种措施保障就业，但最重要的莫过于通过某种《退伍军人权利法案》之类的法案，确保每个美国人在21世纪都有机会接受高中之后的教育。

26. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 猜词题

［正确项精解］ 根据题干Birds of passage，精确定位到第一段最后一句。分析该句中birds of passage所指，其作nickname的同位语；是 they 的绰号，这时理解的重点就是they。根据代词回指的特点去上句寻找答案，“About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good.”（大约四分之一的意大利移民最终还是返回意大利），they指代的就是四分之一最终回国的意大利移民。由此确定选项［C］为本题答案。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项利用首段第一句the immigrants from across the Atlantic设置干扰，此处说的是100年前的移民，而不是birds of passage所指，属于“张冠李戴”。［B］项与文中表达意思刚好相反，属于“正反混淆”。［D］项在文中没有相关信息体现。

［技巧点拨］ 猜词题必须放到该词所在的语境中猜测，有时利用该词所在句子便可推测；当本句没有足够猜词信息时，就得利用该词所在句子与上句或下句的语义关系猜测。

27. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 推断题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是the current immigration system in the U.S.，该信息点出现在第二段第四句话：That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it（那样的构架导致移民制度漏洞百出，也导致了长期以来没有能力在政治上修改移民制度的事实），这就暗示美国移民制度问题较多，需要修改；随后指出了修改的目标：We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges（那时我们可能开始解决移民的挑战），由此确定［C］项为本题答案。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项与文章内容We dont need more categories表达的意思相反；［B］项与Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants（如今对移民更加严格）相反，都属于“正反混淆”；［D］项has been fixed在文中没有体现，属于“无中生有”。

28. ［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是todays birds of passage。该信息点出现在文章第三段第一句，但是本句话说明他们的职业构成，跟本题无关；第三句的They也指代todays birds of passage，句中的prefer（宁愿，更喜欢）表达了want之意：to come and go as opportunities call them（他们宁愿随着机会的需要而迁移）。由此确定［D］项为本题答案，属于典型的“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项的干扰来自a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas，此处受金钱驱动的是全球经济，而不是说短暂移民，属于“张冠李戴”。［B］项在文中找不到依据。［C］项的干扰在第三段最后一句：他们能够设法在一地工作，而在另一地安家，此处没有提到固定工作，属于“无中生有”。

29. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是the birds of passage today should be treated（应该以何种方式被对待）。第五段第一句话Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle中的require new attitudes（需要新的态度）表明本段涉及如何对待短期移民的信息。根据上下文连贯的原则我们可以确定，下句将说明什么样的态度：Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes，including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system（超越文化战争逻辑的对错意味着，我们要开辟（合法与非法的）中间地带，充分意识到当今的移民管理体系需要各种途径和多样化结果，包括当前移民体系下用法律手段很难解决的问题）。由此确定［C］项为本题答案，这属于典型的“正话反说，反话正说”。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项、［B］项和［D］项在文中均没有内容提及，属于“无中生有”。

30. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 主旨题

［正确项精解］ 本文第一段介绍过去的移民状况，并引用数据，在第二段开头引入主旨：Today，we are much more rigid about immigrants（如今，关于移民我们更加严格），下句指出如何严格：We divide newcomers into two categories：legal or illegal，good or bad（我们把新移民分为两类：合法和不合法，好与坏）。由此可见，本文作者要论证的就是对移民严格划分成合法与非法两种情况的错误政策，［C］项为本题答案。

［干扰项分析］ 本文论述的是移民迁徙自由问题，目前的移民制度漏洞百出，应鼓励移民来去自由，［A］项与文章主旨相悖，属于“正反混淆”；［B］项和［D］项的Great Risk在文中根本没有提及，属于“无中生有”。

【全文翻译】

100年前，跨越大西洋而来的移民中有定居者，也有旅居者。伴随很多打算在美国永久安家的移民而来的，还有一些无意定居美国的人，他们赚了钱就会返回家乡。1908到1915年间，大约700万人来到这里，与此同时有200万人离开。大约四分之一的意大利移民最终永久地回到祖国，他们甚至有了一个亲切的绰号：“候鸟”。

到了今天，我们对待移民更加严格。我们把新来的移民划分为两类：合法与不合法、好与坏。我们把他们当作即将成为美国公民的人来欢迎，又或者当成是需要驱逐的外国人。这种思想体系使我们的移民制度漏洞百出，同时导致了修改移民制度方面的长期政治僵局。我们不需要更多的分类，而是需要改变我们考虑分类的方式。我们应该超越合法与非法的严格定义（来思考移民类别）。首先，我们应该承认那些新来的短期移民，也就是那些在灰色地带生活并发展的人们。那样，我们才能开始解决移民问题的诸多难题。

如今的短期移民中有收粮工人、小提琴家、建筑工人、企业家、工程师、家庭医护助理、物理学家等等。他们精力充沛地参与到受劳动力流动、金钱和信念驱动的全球经济之中。他们宁愿随着机会的需要而迁移。他们能够设法在一地工作，而在另一地安家。

不管有没有许可，他们都可以轻而易举地跨越法律、权限和身份。我们需要他们把美国想象成他们可以暂时取得成果而无需承诺永久居留的地方；我们需要他们感觉到家可以安在这里，也可以在其他地方，他们可以光荣地成为两个国家的公民。

调和这个人口在不断流动的新世界需要在移民问题上争论的双方抱有新的态度。超越文化战争逻辑的对错意味着，我们要开辟（合法与非法的）中间地带，充分意识到当今的移民管理体系需要各种途径和多样化结果，包括当前移民体系下用法律手段很难解决的问题。

31. ［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是The time needed in making decision。第一段的if we take a moment and think about ...体现了该关键词，if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react，we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick，hardwired responses（如果我们在做出反应之前花点时间来思考，将会减少甚至消除我们快速反应所带来的负面影响），这也就是说，我们做决定所花的时间决定了我们判断的准确性。另外，本题关键词还出现在第二段第二、三句：But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable，studies show，we need at least a minute，preferably five（我们需要更多时间评估其他因素，要准确说出某人友好，我们需要至少一分钟，五分钟更好）。由此得出结论：决策所用时间决定判断的准确性。所以［D］项为本题答案。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项中的urgency of the situation和［C］项中的importance of the assessment在文章中没有信息提及，属于“无中生有”，［B］项中的complexity根据It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality设置，属于“偷换概念”。

32. ［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是Our reaction to a fastfood logo，该关键词出现在第三段第二句话：viewing a fastfood logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster，even though reading has little to do with eating（看到快餐商标会使我们阅读速度加快20%，而实际上阅读与吃几乎无关）。本段第三句We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing（人们无意识的将快餐与速度和不耐烦联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动）。由此可见，对一件事情的快速反应也会影响到对其他事情的行为，所以［A］项为本题答案。

［干扰项分析］ ［B］项的干扰来自We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience...，与文中意思相反，属于“正反混淆”，［C］项dangerous一词在文中没有依据，属于“无中生有”，［D］项与文章carry those impulses into whatever else were doing的意思相反，属于“正反混淆”。

33. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是reverse the negative influences of snap decisions。该关键词出现在第四段第一句话：Yet we can reverse such influences（然而，我们可以扭转这样的影响），下一句是：If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face（one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling），we can take a moment before buying（如果知道我们在面对销售代表和房屋代理人的笑脸时会感情用事，我们可以在买之前花点时间考虑），也就是说思考一会再买。由此可见［C］项为本题答案，属于典型的“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项正好与we can take a moment before buying相反，属于“正反混淆”；文章中没有出现people usually do 这一信息，［B］项属于“无中生有”；［D］项根据the marriage expert设置干扰，作者举婚姻专家的例子是用来说明需要更长的时间来做决定，而［D］项“听取专家建议”之意，属于“张冠李戴”。

34. ［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是reliable snap reactions are based on，同时限定在John Gottman 研究范围内。由此精确定位到第五段。第一句是John Gottman，...explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reaction in “thick sliced”longterm study，其中的quickly“thin slice” information reliably对应reliable snap reaction；ground在此为动词，意为“以……为基础”，对应are based on。本句大意为：我们快速反应的信息的可靠性是以长期的研究为基础的。由此可见［D］项为本题答案。如果本句难以理解，可以再阅读下一句：When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together，he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation：two days，not to second，本句用Gottman自己为例说明他如何做出评判，意为：当Gottman真想评判一对恋人是否最终会走到一起的时候，他会邀请他们去他闲居的小岛，从而有更长的时间评价。由此也可以确定可靠的快速判断基于充足信息。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项“critical assessment”和［C］项sensible explanation在文中没有信息提及，属于“无中生有”；［B］项“thin sliced” study与文中ground such snap reaction in “thick sliced” longterm study意思正好相反，属于“正反混淆”。

35. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 态度题

［正确项精解］ 根据关键词reversing the highspeed trend精确定位到最后一段。最后一段最后两句是：Although technology might change the way we react,it hasnt changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend（尽管技术可能改变我们反应的方式，但是并没有改变我们的本性。我们仍然有想象力去克服诱惑并扭转这种快速反应的趋势）。其中的we still have the imaginative capacity表明了作者的态度是乐观的，［C］项为本题答案，属于典型“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ 文章没有信息表明作者的宽容态度，故［A］项属于“无中生有”；文中最后一段作者对扭转快速反应的态度是明确，因此［B］项和［D］项都属于“正反混淆”。

【全文翻译】

科学家已经发现人们很容易快速做出感情用事的决定，但是如果花时间考虑一下我们可能做出怎么样的反应，就可以减少或者消除快速本能反应的负面影响。

快速决策可能是重要的防御机制，如果我们要判断某个人是否危险，我们的大脑和身体会本能地在几毫秒内快速做出反应。但是，我们需要更多时间评估其他因素。研究表明：要准确判断某人是否友善，人们至少需要一分钟来判断，五分钟更好。人们需要一点时间判断性格的复杂层面，比如是神经质还是思维开阔。

但是，快速刺激下的快速反应并不只限于人际范畴。多伦多大学的心理学家发现，看快餐商标短短几毫秒就会使人们阅读速度提高20%，虽然阅读和进餐几乎没任何关系。人们无意识地把快餐与速度、不耐烦联系在一起，并把这些冲动付诸于我们的所有行动。接触过快餐广告的实验对象往往也会认为一小段音乐持续太长。

然而，我们可以扭转这种影响。如果我们知道面对销售代表和房屋代理人的笑脸，会对消费产品或房屋选择感情用事，我们就应该花点时间（考虑），然后再（决定）购买。如果我们知道女性招聘者更有可能拒绝有魅力的女性求职者（的事实），我们就可以帮助招聘者了解其偏见，或者雇佣外来招聘者。

婚姻专家John Gottman解释说，只有我们把快速反应建立在多方面的长期研究上，快速反应的信息才能准确。Gottman要是想真正评判一对恋人是否最终走到一起，他就会邀请他们去他闲居的小岛，用更长的时间来评价：两天，而不是两秒。

我们有能力通过暂停的办法减少本能反应，这使人类有别于动物。狗可以考虑未来，但思考过程不连续，持续时间很短。但是从历史上来看，我们一天内会用12%的时间进行长远的思考。尽管技术可能会改变我们做出反应的方式，但是没有改变我们的天性。我们仍然有想象力去克服诱惑并扭转快速反应的趋势。

36. ［答案］ ［B］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是the European corporate workplace。根据关键词the European corporate workplace，精确定位到文章的第一段第二句：the corporate workplace will never be completely familyfriendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europes top corporategovernance positions remain overwhelmingly male，本句话中并列连词and 说明企业职场的两个特点：(1)never be completely familyfriendly（永远不会有利于家庭）；(2)top corporategovernance positions remain overwhelmingly male（高层管理岗位男性数量是压倒性的），也就是说：男性统治着企业。由此确定［B］项为本题答案,属于“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ 干扰项［A］与原文Europes top corporategovernance positions remain overwhelmingly male正好相反，［D］项也与原文意思相反，属于“正反混淆”。［C］项中的overwhelmed一词不等同于文中overwhelmingly，属于“偷换概念”。

37. ［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是European Unions intended legislation。该关键词可以精确定位到第二段第一句：The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent，其中的is now considering legislation对应intended legislation。其大意为：欧盟正在考虑通过立法强制公司董事会保持一定比例的女性——可高达60%。由此可见：立法是为了保持性别比例的平衡。所以［A］项为本题答案，属于“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ ［B］项的“reluctant”是根据第五段的Redings reluctance设置的干扰项,并不是说European Union的立法，属“张冠李戴”；［C］项a response to Redings call不正确，Reding号召的是voluntary action，属于“偷换概念”。［D］项也是干扰项，欧盟的立法是compel（被迫），而不是自愿行动，属于“正反混淆”。

38. ［答案］ ［A］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是quotas may help women。该关键词可以精确定位到第四段第一句话：“Personally，I dont like quotas，”Reding said recently，“But I like what the quotas do.”，其中I like what the quotas to暗示quotas的作用。接着说：Quotas get action：they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling，”according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions，由此可见quotas的作用就是get action，冒号之后内容是对get action的解释，即quotas的作用：（1）开辟通向平等之路；（2）突破了职场障碍。a result为同位语，大意为：在法国和其他国家能看到这一效果，这些国家以法律约束条款让女性身居商业高层职位。由此可见［A］项为本题答案，属于“同义替换”。

［干扰项分析］ ［B］项根据原文break through the glass ceiling设置干扰，但see through并非break through之意，属于“偷换概念”；［C］项的干扰来自Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?（我们需要制定限额确保女性在平衡工作和家庭的同时，又能继续公平地攀爬事业的阶梯吗？）此句为作者的观点，并且使用的是疑问语气，而非Reding的观点，属于“张冠李戴”。［D］项anticipate legal results在文中找不到依据，属于“无中生有”。

39. ［答案］ ［D］

［考点］ 态度题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是attitude toward Redings appeal。Reding的appeal最早出现在第二段Reding issued a call to voluntary action（发出号召呼吁自愿行动），但第二段没有作者的评论。根据题目编排顺序与文章顺序一致的原则，上一题答案在第四段，所以本题答案很可能在第五段：第五段第一句本身就是作者对Reding观点的评论：作者先是说可以理解Reding，自己本身也不喜欢quotas，而下一句的But起转折作用，提出自己的见解：When one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal，it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered（考虑到实现精英管理理想的诸多障碍，看起来似乎更加公平的世界应该暂时被规定）。其中，a fairer world含义为职场男女平等，就此，作者和Reding有相同观点，认为企业高级管理层应当有更多女性，所以［D］项为答案。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］属于“无中生有”，文中找不到作者对Redings appeal的怀疑态度。文章第五段作者表明了对Redings appeal 的支持，故［B］项不正确，属于“无中生有”。［C］项属于“典型错误”，一般来说作者的态度不可能是漠不关心的。

40. ［答案］ ［C］

［考点］ 细节题

［正确项精解］ 本题关键词是women entering top management become headlines，该关键词可定位到第六段第二句话：when women do break through to the summit of corporate power，they attract massive attention（女性实现突破达到企业最高权力层时，总会引来大量的关注），引起大量关注意味着成为headlines（重要新闻）。随后的because说明了原因：they remain the exception to the rule（她们仍然是规则的例外）。“正话反说”就是规则不合理。其实本题还有另一处更明显、更直接的定位：最后一段If appropriate public policies were in place to help all women，...Sandberg would be no more newsworthy... （如果有合理的国家政策来帮助所有女性，Sandberg也就没有报道价值了）暗示Sandberg之所以成为有价值的新闻原因就是国家政策不合理。基于以上两次定位及理解，可以确定［C］项为本题答案。

［干扰项分析］ ［A］项的干扰来自living in a more just society，此处的社会公平说的是“能力出众的人不受性别的限制”，属于“偷换概念”；［B］项根据they attract massive attention设置干扰，与原文意思相反，属于“正反混淆”。［D］项 “soft pressure” 来自文中After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them.（毕竟，四十年的证据表明，不管受到多大“软压力”，欧洲以及美国的企业都在规避精英选才原则，拒绝把女性提拔到高层。）选项与文意相反，属于“正反混淆”。

【全文翻译】

欧洲并非性别平等的天堂。除非女性成为高级管理决策层的组成部分，否则企业办公室永远不会有利于家庭生活；而且欧洲企业高层管理岗位上，男性仍然占绝对多数。的确，在欧洲企业董事会中，女性所占比例仅为14%。

欧盟正在考虑通过立法强制公司董事会保持一定比例的女性——可高达60%。这一提议一出来就遭到挫败。去年，欧盟委员会副主席Viviane Reding发出号召呼吁自愿行动。Reding邀请公司签署性别均衡协议，该协议要求女性在董事会中占40%。但是她的呼吁被认为是失败之作，仅有24家公司接受。

我们需要制定限额确保女性在平衡工作和家庭的同时，又能继续公平地攀爬事业的阶梯吗？

Reding最近说过：“我个人不喜欢定额，但是我喜欢定额达到的效果。”根据Reding所言，定额确实起到了作用，它们“开启了平等之门，打破了无形的职场障碍”，在法国和其他国家能看到这一效果，这些国家以法律约束条款让女性身居商业高层职位。

我理解Reding对定额的不情愿，也理解她的挫败感。我也不喜欢定额，其与我任人唯贤的精英管理理念相悖。但是考虑到实现精英管理理想的诸多障碍，看起来似乎更加公平的世界应该暂时被规定。

毕竟，四十年的证据表明，不管受到多大“软压力”，欧洲以及美国的企业都在规避精英选才原则，拒绝把女性提拔到高层。女性一旦有所突破进入到企业权力高层，就会引起很大关注，毕竟她们是这个社会规则的例外。Shery Sandberg进入Facebook高层就是这样一个例子。

如果出台合理的国家政策帮助所有女性和家庭，无论是CEO或是她们的保姆，Sandberg的事迹就会和其他生活在公平社会中能力出众的人一样，不再有报道价值。

41.［答案］ ［F］

［解析］快速阅读本段，第一句后半句出现了结论性的词so，因此是做题时需关注的重点，本句大意为：因此要提前计划（plan）好你每周的饮食；第二句和第三句是作者以自己的例子来论证提前计划的好处。因此本段的主题是提前做好计划，由此确定［F］项为本题答案。

42.［答案］ ［E］

［解析］快速阅读本段，第一句话提到，This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy（这就是超市和不记名的好处），读到这里不明白好处是什么，于是接着往下看，第二句话提到theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer(不会有在小菜摊买一根胡萝卜那样的尴尬)，言外之意是去超市购物不会因只买一点点自己需要的东西而尴尬；最后一句话提到youll know that you only need…not whatever weight(知道你只需要……而不是包装的重量)。由此可见，本段的主题是只买自己需要的东西，［E］项为本题答案。

43.［答案］ ［G］

［解析］快速阅读本段，本段的主题在第三句：Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced(提前计划应杜绝浪费，如果你有多余的蔬菜，可以做个蔬菜汤，快要变质的水果可以煮熟或榨汁)。由此可见，本段主要内容是不能浪费，［G］项为本题答案。