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考研英语1历年真题
来源:中联在职研究生招生信息网 发布时间:2017-06-27 16:09:22 发布者:yanedu.com15

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)

                      试题+答案


  Section I Use of English


  Directions:


  Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


  Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.


  In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .


  "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."


  Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.


  1.[A] Unlike                 [B] Besides                 [C] Despite                 [D] Throughout


  【答案】[B] Besides


  2.[A] connected         [B] restricted          [C] equal                 [D] inferior


  【答案】[A] connected


  3.[A] choice                 [B] view                  [C] lesson                 [D] host


  【答案】[D] host


  4.[A]         recall                [B] forget                 [C] avoid                 [D] keep


  【答案】[C] avoid


  5.[A] collecting         [B] involving         [C] guiding [D] affecting


  【答案】[B] involving


  6.[A] of                  [B] in                  [C] at                 [D] on


  【答案】[D] on


  7.[A] devoted                [B] exposed                 [C] lost                 [D] attracted


  【答案】[B] exposed


  8.[A] across                 [B] along                  [C] down                [D] out


  【答案】[C] down


  9.[A] calculated         [B] denied                 [C] doubted         [D] imagined


  【答案】[A] calculated


  10.[A] served                 [B] required                 [C] restored         [D] explained


  【答案】[D] explained


  11.[A] Even          [B] Still                 [C] Rather                 [D] Thus


  【答案】[A] Even


  12.[A] defeats                 [B] symptoms         [C] tests                 [D] errors


  【答案】[B] symptoms


  13.[A] minimized         [B] highlighted                 [C] controlled         [D] increased


  【答案】[D] increased


  14.[A] equipped         [B] associated                 [C] presented         [D] compared


  【答案】[B] associated


  15.[A] assess         [B] moderate                 [C] generate                 [D] record


  【答案】[C] generate


  16.[A] in the face of [B] in the form of         [C] in the way of         [D] in the name of


  【答案】[A] in the face of


  17.[A] transfer         [B] commit                 [C] attribute                 [D] return


  【答案】[C] attribute


  18.[A] because         [B] unless                 [C] though         [D] until


  【答案】[A] because


  19.[A] emerges         [B] vanishes                 [C] remains         [D] decreases


  【答案】[C] remains


  20.[A] experiences [B] combines                 [C] justifies         [D]influences


  【答案】[D]influences


  Section II Reading Comprehension


  Part A


  Directions:


  Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)


  Text 1


  First two hours , now three hours-this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.


  Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.


  Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real-past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago's O'Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become-but the lines are obvious.


  Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.


  There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.


  It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.


  The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.


  21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to


  [A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.


  [B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.


  [C] explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.


  [D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.


  【答案】[C] explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.


  22. which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?


  [A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.


  [B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.


  [C] An increase in the number of travelers.


  [D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.


  【答案】[C] An increase in the number of travelers.


  23.The word "expedited" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to


  [A] faster.


  [B] quieter.


  [C] wider.


  [D] cheaper.


  【答案】[A] faster.


  24. One problem with the PreCheck program is


  [A] A dramatic reduction of its scale.


  [B] Its wrongly-directed implementation.


  [C] The government's reluctance to back it.


  [D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.


  【答案】[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.


  25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?


  [A] Less Screening for More Safety


  [B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution


  [C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines


  [D] Underused PreCheck Lanes


  【答案】[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution


  Text 2


  "The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.


  At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.


  Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.


  Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.


  Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.


  The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.


  26.         Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates


  [A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.


  [B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.


  [C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.


  [D] her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.


  【答案】[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.


  27.         Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to


  [A] its geographical features


  [B] its protective surroundings.


  [C] its religious implications.


  [D] its existing infrastructure.


  【答案】[A] its geographical features


  28.        The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because


  [A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.


  [B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.


  [C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.


  [D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.


  【答案】[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.


  29.        It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy


  [A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.


  [B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.


  [C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.


  [D] will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.


  【答案】[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.


  30.        The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of


  [A] severe criticism.


  [B] passive acceptance.


  [C] slight hesitancy.


  [D] full approval.


  【答案】[D] full approval.


  Text 3


  Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.


  The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects?


  A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.


  While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn't the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.


  This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different .


  So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.


  The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .


  31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he


  [A]praised the UK for its GDP.


  [B]identified GDP with happiness .


  [C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .


  [D]had a low opinion of GDP .


  【答案】[D] had a low opinion of GDP


  32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that


  [A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .


  [B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .


  [C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .


  [D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .


  【答案】[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .


  33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?


  [A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .


  [B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.


  [C]Its criteria are questionable .


  [D]Its results are enlightening .


  【答案】[D]Its results are enlightening .


  34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that


  [A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .


  [B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .


  [C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .


  [D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .


  【答案】[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .


  35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?


  [A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson


  [B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health


  [C]Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP


  [D]Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-being


  【答案】[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson


  Text 4


  In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.


  The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.


  Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.


  The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".


  The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery." The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court," assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."


  But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.


  Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society-that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.


  The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.


  36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court


  [A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell's duties.


  [B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.


  [C] was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct.


  [D] refused to comment on McDonnell's ethics.


  【答案】[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct.


  37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves


  [A] leaking secrets intentionally.


  [B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.


  [C] concrete returns for gift-givers.


  [D] breaking contracts officially.


  【答案】[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.


  38. The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are


  [A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.


  [B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.


  [C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.


  [D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.


  【答案】[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.


  39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to


  [A] awaken the conscience of officials.


  [B] guarantee fair play in official access.


  [C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.


  [D] inspire hopes in average people.


  【答案】[B] guarantee fair play in official access.


  40. The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is


  [A] sarcastic.


  [B] tolerant.


  [C] skeptical.


  [D] supportive


  【答案】[D] supportive


  Part B


  Directions:


  The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


  [A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.


  [B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.


  [C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.


  [D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.


  [E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.


  [F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.


  [G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.


  D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.


  【答案】


  41. [F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth


  42. [E] Soon after his father's release from prison


  43. [A]The first published sketch


  44. [C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared


  45. [G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world


  Part C


  Directions:


  Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


  The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.


  (46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.


  Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol


  (47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.


  David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.


  If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.


  (49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.


  The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.


  【答案】


  (46) 但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大,有迹象表明:在可预见的未来,英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。


  (47) 因此,对于那些认为英语的国际地位无懈可击、甚至觉得他们的年青后辈们不需要学习其他语言的人而言,他的分析可能会给他们的骄傲自大画上一个句号。


  (48) 众多国家正在将英语引进小学课程,但是,毫不夸张地说,英国学童和学生似乎没有受到更多的鼓励去学会流利地使用其他语言。


  (49) 大卫·葛拉尔多所发现的变化给教授他国人士英语的英国机构以及更广阔的教育市场带来了显而易见的巨大挑战。


  (50)这给所有致力于推广英语学习和使用的机构提供了一个制定规划的依据,让我们能够应对未来完全不同的操作环境里出现的各种可能性。


  Section III Writing


  Part A


  51. Directions:


  You are to write an email to James Cook , a newly-arrived Australian professor , recommending some tourist attractions in your city . Please give reasons for your recommendation .


  You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET .


  Do not sign your own name at the end of the email . Use "Li Ming" instead.


  Do not write the address . (10 points)


  【参考范文】


  Dear James Cook,


  Welcome to China! I'm writing this email to recommend some scenic spots in Beijing to you so that you can have a wonderful time here.


  First of all, you could have a visit to the Summer Palace and Forbidden City, which are renowned for its old buildings and diverse cultures. After that, it is advisable to go to Wang Fujing, where you can have a taste of some delicious local food while enjoying the traditional culture. Finally, you can go to the National Museum, in which some traditional art exhibitions are being held. What do you think of my plans?


  I sincerely hope that you could enjoy yourselves in Beijing and it will be my pleasure to be your guide.


  Yours sincerely,


  Li Ming


  Part B


  52. Directions:


  Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay , you should


  1)describe the pictures briefly,


  2)interpret the meaning , and


  3)give your comments.


  You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.( 20 points )


  【参考范文】


  Portrayed in the two cartoons is thought-provoking: In the left one, a young man, comfortably lounging on the chair, is looking at his huge bookshelf full of books contentedly, while the other, in the right drawing, is determined to finish reading 20 books in a year.


  By this scenario, the cartoonist is trying to awaken us to the importance of reading and sticking to our goals. It is universally held that with the advance of modern society, only those equipped with updated knowledge which requires constant reading are most likely to reach the summit of the success. Conversely, without persistent learning and taking actions, our objectives are bound to be a fantasy. Indeed, people fail always because they stop trying, not because they encounter invincible difficulties.


  From what has been mentioned above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that only those who keep learning and cherish the spirit of persistence have opportunities to succeed. Therefore, such essence is an important virtue worthy of being fostered. If you understand and adhere to this principle in your study and work, you will definitely benefit greatly.



2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题及答案(完整版)



Section I Use of English


  Directions:


  Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


  In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.


  The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.


  Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly -acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.


  1. [A] by way of        [B] as well as        [C] on behalf of        [D] with regard to


  2. [A] adapt to        [B] provide for        [C]compete with        [D] decide on


  3. [A] close        [B] renew        [C]arrange        [D] postpone


  4. [A] In theory        [B] Above all        [C] In time        [D] For example


  5. [A] Although        [B] Lest        [C] After        [D] Unless


  6. [A] into        [B] within        [C] from        [D] through


  7. [A] sine        [B] or         [C] but        [D] so


  8. [A] test        [B]copy        [C]recite        [D] create


  9. [A] folding        [B] piling        [C] wrapping        [D] tying


  10. [A] lighting         [B] passing        [C] hiding         [D] serving


  11. [A] meeting        [B] association        [C] collection        [D]union


  12. [A] grow        [B] part        [C] deal         [D]live


  13. [A] whereas        [B] until        [C] for        [D] if


  14. [A] obtain        [B] follow        [C] challenge        [D]avoid


  15. [A] isolated        [B] persuaded        [C] viewed        [D] exposed


  16. [A]wherever        [B] however        [C] whenever        [D]whatever


  17. [A] changed        [B] brought        [C] shaped         [D] pushed


  18. [A] divided        [B] invested        [C] donated        [D] withdrawn


  19. [A]clears        [B] warms        [C] shows        [D] breaks


  20. [A]while        [B] so what        [C]once        [D] in that

Section II Reading Comprehension


  Part A


  Directions:


  Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)


Text 1


  France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.


  The parliament also agreed to ban websites that" incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.


  Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.


  The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .


  The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.


  The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.


  In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.


  Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.


  21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?


  [A] Physical beauty would be redefined


  [B] New runways would be constructed


  [C] Websites about dieting would thrive


  [D] The fashion industry would decline


  22. The phrase "impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to


  [A] heightening the value of


  [B] indicating the state of


  [C] losing faith in


  [D] doing harm to


  23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry


  [A] The French measures have already failed


  [B] New standards are being set in Denmark


  [C] Models are no longer under peer pressure


  [D] Its inherent problems are getting worse


  24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for


  [A] setting perfect physical conditions


  [B] caring too much about models' character


  [C] showing little concern for health factors


  [D] pursuing a high age threshold for models


  25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?


  [A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals


  [B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France


  [C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty


  [D] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

Text 2


  For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.


  A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air". Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.


  At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,


  even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.


  The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?


  Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.


  26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside


  [A] is not well reflected in politics


  [B] is fully backed by the royal family


  [C] didn't start fill the Shakespearean age


  [D] has brought much benefit to the NHS


  27. According to paragraph 2,the achievements of the National Trust are now being


  [A] largely overshadowed


  [B] properly protected


  [C] effectively reinforced


  [D] gradually destroyed


  28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3


  [A] Labour is under attack for opposing development


  [B] The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building


  [C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation


  [D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence


  29. The author holds that George Osbornes's preference


  [A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area


  [B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis


  [C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure


  [D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas


  30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of


  [A] the size of population in Britain


  [B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain


  [C] the town-and-country planning in Britain


  [D] the political life in today's Britain

Text 3


  "There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.


  The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect" whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.


  Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.


  The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.


  In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.


  Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.


  31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with


  [A]uncertainty


  [B]skepticism


  [C]approval


  [D]tolerance


  32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by


  [A]guarding it against malpractices


  [B]protecting it from consumers


  [C]winning trust from consumers.


  [D]raising the quality of its products


  33. The expression "more lenient"(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to


  [A]less controversial


  [B]more lasting


  [C]more effective


  [D]less severe


  34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record


  [A]comes across as reliable evidence


  [B]has an impact on their decision


  [C]increases the chance of being penalized


  [D]constitutes part of the investigation


  35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?


  [A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown


  [B] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated


  [C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked


  [D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry

Text 4


  There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.


  Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.


  Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.


  Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."


  Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."


  The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription.


  "It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."


  36. The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to


  [A] the increasing online and sales


  [B] the pressure from its investors


  [C] the complaints from its readers


  [D] the high cost of operation


  37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should


  [A] make strategic adjustments


  [B] end the print sedition for good


  [C] seek new sources of leadership


  [D] aim for efficient management


  38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a " legacy product"


  [A] helps restore the glory of former times


  [B] is meant for the most loyal customers


  [C] will have the cost of printing reduced


  [D] expands the popularity of the paper


  39. Peretti believes that in a changing world


  [A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected


  [B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving


  [C] aggressiveness better meets challenges


  [D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated


  40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?


  [A] shift to online newspapers all at once


  [B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand


  [C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion


  [D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury Good

Part B


  Directions:


  Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)


  [A] Create a new image of yourself


  [B] Decide if the time is right


  [C] Have confidence in yourself


  [D]Understand the context


  [E]Work with professionals


  [F]Make it efficient


  [G]Know your goals


  No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.


  The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.


  So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:


  41___[B] Decide if the time is right


  As an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK


  42_____[G]Know your goals


  Get clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations like that )


  43 ____[D]Understand the context


  Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.


  44 _____[E]Work with professionals


  Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.


  45 ______[F]Make it efficient


  The point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.

Part C


  Directions:


  Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


  Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.


  Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem -confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.


  (49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.


  【参考译文】


  46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康,这种能力植根于我们自身,就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口,如何修复断骨。


  47. 心理健康不会去往他方。如同乌云可能蔽日,心理健康可能会暂时隐藏于视线之外,但它完全可以在须臾之间复原如初。


  48. 心理健康使我们在他人陷入危难之时给予同情,痛苦不已时给予善意,无论对谁,都能给予无条件的爱。


  49. 尽管心理健康是人们度过一生的一剂万能良药,但它又普通不已,因为当你需要做出艰难决定时,都可感受到它的存在。


  50. 就像你会渐渐明白,深悉心理健康一直触手可得并且值得信任,使我们能放慢生活脚步,活在当下,幸福生活。

Section III Writing


  Part A


  51. Directions:


  Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words. Providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.


  You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.


  Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.


  Do not write the address. (10 points)


  【参考范文】


  Notice


  For better serving the international students, a notice is released here to provide the necessary information about the library.


  The university library opens at 8 a.m. and closes at 10 p.m. from Monday to Friday, but from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends. If you need to borrow books, please follow the following steps. First, bring your student card and register first at the librarian's office. At most six books can be borrowed once from the library. You should keep in mind the days that you can keep the book(s) you borrow. Three months is the longest period. If you exceed the limited time, some fines should be paid.


  If you have any questions or suggestions about borrowing or returning books, telephone 010-8248119 or send an email to university@163.com. We sincerely hope you all enjoy the study and life in our university.


  University Library


  December 26, 2015


  Part B


  52. Directions:


  Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures In your essay, you should


  1) describe the pictures briefly


  2) interpret the meaning , and


  3) give your comments


  You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)


  Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.


  Do not write the address. (10 points)

【参考范文】


  The above two pictures reveal two father's different teaching methods. In the first picture, the father is urging his son to study hard while he is smoking and watching TV idly. In the second picture, the father and his son are both concentrating on the study. The caption under the cartoon reads: "It is better to set an example than to make demands".


  Apparently, the author of the cartoon focuses on a fact that many parents when educating their children tend to neglect the impact of their own acts upon their children. It is without any doubt that all parents hope that their children could have a bright future. Therefore, they tend to count on schools and the society to provide their kids with a good education. However, what they don't realize is that parents are the first teachers of children. Parents failing to set a role model for their children will only result in an unhealthy family atmosphere, which is definitely harmful to the future development of their children.


  From my perspective, education from parents is of vital importance to a child's healthy growth. Therefore, parents should provide their children with a favorable growing environment by being a positive role model. Only through persistent efforts and proper guidance can children enjoy a bright future.


2015年考研英语一真题答案(完整版)


Section 1 Use of English


  Directions:


  Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


  Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is    1   a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has    2   .


  The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted  3  1932 unique subjects which   4    pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both    5   .While 1% may seem    6   , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even    7    their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who    8    our kin."


  The study    9    found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more    11    it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that    12    us in choosing genetically similar friends    13    than "functional kinship" of being friends with    14   !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving    15    than other genes. Studying this could help    16    why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major  17 factor.


  The findings do not simply corroborate people's    18  to befriend those of similar 19    backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to    20    that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.


  Section II Reading Comprehension


  1、What


  2、Concluded


  3、On


  4、Compared


  5、Samples


  6、Insignificant


  7、Know


  8、Resemble


  9、Also


  10、Perhaps


  11、To


  12、Drive


  13、Ratherthan


  14、Benefits


  15、Faster


  16、understand


  17、Contributory


  18、Tendency


  19、Ethnic


  20、see


  Part A


  Directions:


  Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

TEXT 1


  King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted"kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?


  The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" polities and "embody" a spirit of national unity.


  It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchy's continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.


  Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.


  The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.


  While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.


  It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.


  21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain


  [A]eased his relationship with his rivals.


  [B]used to enjoy high public support.


  [C]was unpopular among European royals.


  [D]ended his reign in embarrassment.


  22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly


  [A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.


  [B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.


  [C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.


  [D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.


  23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?


  [A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.


  [B] Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.


  [C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.


  [D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.


  24. The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles


  [A]takes a tough line on political issues.


  [B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.


  [C]takes republicans as his potential allies.


  [D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.


  25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?


  [A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined


  [B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne


  [C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats


  [D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs


  21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.


  22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status


  23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy


  24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.


  25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies

TEXT 2


  Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.


  California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.


  The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.


  They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud computing." meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.


  But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.


  26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to


  [A] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.


  [B] check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.


  [C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.


  [D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.


  27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of


  [A] tolerance.


  [B] indifference.


  [C] disapproval.


  [D] cautiousness.


  28. The author believes that exploring one's phone content is comparable to


  [A] getting into one's residence.


  [B] handing one's historical records.


  [C] scanning one's correspondences.


  [D] going through one's wallet.


  29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that


  [A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.


  [B] the court is giving police less room for action.


  [C] phones are used to store sensitive information.


  [D] citizens' privacy is not effective protected.


  30.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that


  (A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.


  (B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.


  (C)California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.


  (D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.


  26. Bcheck suspect's phone contents without being authorized.


  27.Cdisapproval


  28.A getting into one's residence


  29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected


  30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution

Text 3


  The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings.


  "Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,"writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American  Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journal's editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these


  Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,"The creation of the'statistics board'was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."


  Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily on advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."


  John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is "a most welcome step forward"and "long overdue,""Most journals are weak in statistical review,and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,"he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.


  Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012,but journals should also take a tougher line,"engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process."Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify'the papers that need scrutiny'in the first place."


  31. It can be learned from Paragraph I that


  [A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.


  [B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.


  [C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.


  [D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.


  32. The phrase "flagged up "(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to


  [A]found.


  [B]revised.


  [C]marked


  [D]stored


  33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may


  [A]pose a threat to all its peers


  [B]meet with strong opposition


  [C]increase Science's circulation.


  [D]set an example for other journals


  34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now


  A. adds to researchers' worklosd.


  B. diminishes the role of reviewers.


  C. has room for further improvement.


  D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.


  35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?


  A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers


  B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect


  C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' Desks


  D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science


  31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks


  32.B marked


  33. D set an example for other journals


  34. C has room for further improvement


  35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers

Text4


  Two years ago. Rupert Murdoch's daughter, spoke at the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanism"in society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit."


  Driving her point home, she continued"It's increasingly absence of purpose,of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.


  As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.


  In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.


  In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.


  The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.


  36. Accordign to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by


  (A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.


  (B) companies' financial loss due to immoral practices


  (C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.


  (D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.


  37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that


  (A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.


  (B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.


  (C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.


  (D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.


  38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence


  (A) revealed a cunning personality.


  (B) centered on trivial issues.


  (C) was hardly convincing.


  (D) was part of a conspiracy.


  39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows


  (A) generally distorted values.


  (B) unfair wealth distribution.


  (C) a marginalized lifestyle.


  (D) a rigid moral code.


  40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?


  (A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.


  (B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.


  (C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.


  (D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.


  36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism


  37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking


  38. C was hardly convincing


  39. A generally distorted values


  40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper

Part B


  Directions:


  In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


  How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)______________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.


  The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________________


  Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)___________


  Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)________________________


  This doesn't, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.


  How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)_______________________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn't then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.


  [A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure?   Skimming   it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.


  [B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.


  [C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning,  using  clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.


  [D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.


  [E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.


  [F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author's own thoughts.


  [G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures(so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.


  41.C  42.E   43.G  44.B   45.A

Part C


  Directions:


  Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


  Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-one the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.


  (47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.


  (49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.


  To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." Thecolonists' first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.


  46)在多种强大的动机驱动下,这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家,其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。


  47)美国是两种主要力量的产物--即思想习俗、民族特色各异的欧洲移民和修改这些特征的新国家的影响的产物。


  48)但由于美国特有的地理条件,不同民族的相互作用,以及维护原始老式方式的纯粹困难,新大陆引起了重大变化。


  49)在15-16世纪北美探索的一百多年之后,运往该领土-即当今的美国-的第一船移民横渡了大西洋。


  50)拥有丰富多样树种的原始森林是一个真正的宝库,它从缅因州一直延伸到乔治亚州。


  SectionⅢ Writing


  Part A


  51.Directions:


  You are going to host a club reading session.Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.


  You should state reasons for your recommendations.


  You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.


  Do not sign your own name at the end of the text. Use "Li Ming" instead.


  Do not write the address.(10 points)


  Dear club members,


  As the next reading session is scheduled to be launched in two days, it's a great honor for me to take the opportunity to present you a book worth reading-The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.


  Through reflection over economics at the beginning of Industrial Revolution, the writer has elaborated on the fundamental principles of capitalism at work with insightful conceptions and eloquent speeches. Besides, the book has stood the test of time by repeated quotations and critical reviews from following researchers, exerting profound influences on anyone engaged in the field of capitalist market.


  I believe reading such a classical book from an authoritative writer will produce a life-enriching and thought-provoking effect for all club members.


  Yours sincerely,


  Li Ming

Part B


  52.Directions:


  Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should


  1) describe the picture briefly.


  2) interpret its intended meaning, and


  3) give your comments.


  You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)




  Part B


  As is depicted above, a number of young people are having a gathering of friends, but instead of talking with each other, each of them is addicted to his or her mobile phone. The lower part of the picture, we can see some Chinese characters which read "the meeting in mobile-phone era".


  Undoubtedly, the author of the picture aims at reminding us of the double edge of the cell phone. It is well known that thanks to the development of human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality. A case in point is the mobile phones. We must admit that the smart phone indeed dramatically changes our life. However, if used improperly, the mobile phones also can bring unhealthy side-effects, and imperil face to face communication between people. It is not too much to say that being over-addicted to mobile phones will cost our health, wisdom, creativity, friendship and even our ability to live.


  Weighing the pros and cons of both sides, perhaps the best policy is to regulate it in such a way as to maximize its advantages. At the same time, we must avoid its harmful part. Furthermore, young people should be advised that spending too much time in using smart phones is bad for them.


2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语(一)试题及参考答案


Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember   1   we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain    2   , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments."   3   seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an)   4   impact on our professional, social, and personal   5   .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It   6   out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental   7   can significantly improve our basic cognitive   8   . Thinking is essentially a   9   of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to   10   in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.   11   , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate   12   mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step   13   and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental   14   .

The Web-based program   15   you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps   16   of your progress and provides detailed feedback   17   your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it    18   modifies and enhances the games you play to   19   on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n)   20   exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why

2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses

3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While

4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure

5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook

6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures

7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations

8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion

9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process

10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature

11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However

12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of

13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around

14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility

15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows

16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace

17.[A] to[B]with[C]for[D]on

18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually

19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take

20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar


答案:1-5   ABDCA   6-10  ACBDC    11-15  DABAD   16-20  BDCCB

答案解析:

1.[标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析

[选项分析] 本题考查连词。根据上下文意思,首先可以排除[B][C][D]。这句话中 where 引导一个状语语从句,主要是说记不清把钥匙放在哪里了。

2.[标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和动词辨析

[选项分析] As the brain    2   we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments这句话的意思是“由于大脑    2   我们称这些现象为“瞬间性老年痴呆”,由此可以排除[A] 和 [C]。[D]collapse意为:使倒塌,使崩溃,不符合题意。fades考察熟词僻意,通常意思为褪色,逝去。还有衰老的意思,这里就考察是衰老的意思。从前文可以看出,文章讲的是随着年龄增长,大脑衰老。所以选[B]

3.[标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题

[选项分析] [A] if 表示假设“如果”。[B] Unless “除非,如果不”。[C]Once “一旦”。[D]While,“虽然,然而”表转折。这句话的意思是虽然表面上看起来没什么,但是危害很大,前后位转折关系,所以选D。

4.[标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为形容词,[A] 表示“不均匀”, [B] 表示“有限的”, [C] 表示“有破坏性的,损坏的”, [D] 表示“模糊的,晦涩的”。这句话意思是这种精神能量的缺失会给我们带来……的影响。根据上下文的意思,可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。而“有限的影响”显然不足以表达危害的严重性,故可以排除[B] 选项。[C] “带来有害的影响”最符合作者意图。

5.[标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析] 本句话含义是这种精神能量的缺失会给我们的职业、社交还有个人……带来有害的影响。[A] wellbeing “幸福”。[B]environment “环境”。[C] relationship “关系”。[D] outlook “展望”。and连接若干名词,这些名词应该为同一类,职业、社交都是和个人相关,排除[B] 和[D],[C] personal relationship就是social的意思,不能重复,选择[A],个人幸福。

6.[标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 固定搭配

[选项分析] [A] it turns out that “原来,其实” 。[B]it finds out that“本文发现”。[C] it points out that“指出”。[D] it figures out that“本文发现”。It代表神经科学,这句话的意思是越来越多的精神学家们都表示,大脑其实跟肌肉一样需要练习运动。这里给出的是神经科学的结论,因此选择it turns out that

7.  [标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A] roundabouts迂回路线。[B]responses回应。[C]workouts锻炼,练习。[D]associations协会。[C]workouts锻炼,练习与前文出现的exercise都有“锻炼,练习”的意思,近义词复现,所以选[C]

8.  [标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A]genre类型,种类。[B]functions功能。[C]circumstances情况,环境。[D]criterion批评判断的标准、准则。这句话的意思是正确的智力运动能极大地提高我们最基本的认知功能,根据语义,选择[B]functions功能。

9.  [标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A] channel通道,频道。[B]condition条件。[C]sequence顺序,序列。[D]process过程,步骤。根据常识,思考是一个过程,并且通过脑神经相互接触来完成,其他选项表示渠道、序列、条件,均不符合常识。因此正确答案是表示过程的[D]选项。这句话的意思是思考是大脑神经连接必要的过程。

10.  [标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和动词辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为动词。[A] persist坚持。[B] believe相信。[C] excel超过。[D] feature特色。本句句意,在某种程度来讲,我们在进行神经连接(直接影响人的聪明程度)方面的特殊能力是与生俱来的。excel 有超过擅长的意思,表示在某个方面出众,放在此处符合题意,因此正确答案为[B]。

11.  [标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题

[选项分析] 本题需要的是一个副词,而且位于句首,因此考察的是句关系。通过前后句意义来定答案,前一句强调的是智力是与生俱来的(inherited),而后一句则认为是可以通过脑力活动(mental effort)会有所波动,两句意义明显相反,故正确答案为[D] However。

12.  [标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和短语辨析

[选项分析] 本题并不难,可以理解为:智力可以……脑力活动得到提升或出现波动。 [B]regardless of “不管,不顾”不合逻辑。[C]apart from“除……之外”也不合适。[D]instead of “代替”明显不符。故[A]为正确答案。

13.  [标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配

[选项分析] 本题考察的是固定搭配:take a step ……,能搭配只有A和C,分别指“采取进一步措施”和“让到一边去”,无论从逻辑上还是从句意上都是A符合。

14.  [标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

[选项分析] 本题考察的是动宾搭配:improve and regain sb’s mental ……,再根据前文一直在讲如何提高“智力”,因此可以排除A(模式)和B(稳定性),C(灵活性)和D(锋利性,尖锐性)容易混淆,C有一定的干扰性,但双比之下,D更契合前文,故选D。

15.  [标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说这个网络课程可以_____系统地改善你的记忆力和注意力。而且此处需要填入的动词需要与to进行搭配。根据搭配关系直接排除A,B。本文的主题介绍的是使人聪明的脑力锻炼法,感情色彩是中性的,此处的D选项force排除,所以最恰当的是D。

16.  [标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配

[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说这个培训课程还可以_____学习进度,并且给予详尽的信息反馈。根据语境,空格缺少的词汇意义为跟踪学习进度,分析四个选项,直接排除A hold, C order; 辨析B,D两个选项,与D选项的pace搭配的介词应该为with,即,keep pace with,所以排除,B选项为正确答案,keep track of 意思为跟踪。

17.  [标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和介词

[选项分析] 本题考查介词,根据空格前后语境,空格所缺少的介词意义为关于你的表现作出详细的反馈,四个选项中只有D有关于的意思。

18.  [标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说更加重要的是,它会_____调整并升级有关训练游戏。通过前后句的语境,所用词汇均为褒义词,所以,从感情色彩方面可以排除A,B习惯性的主语应该为人,直接排除。B经常的,D异乎寻常的代入,发现C比较符合题意。

19.  [标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说它会经常调整并升级有关训练游戏,以促进脑力的不断____。本题所缺少的动词需要与介词on 搭配,A put on 穿上,增加;B carry on 执行;C build on 在……基础上增加,构建;D take on 呈现;代入空格发现只有C适合,A,B,D都不与空格后面的development 相搭配。

20.  [标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

[选项分析] 本题涉及的是一个含不定式作后定的句子,所缺词汇为形容词修饰exercise routine,根据前后情感一致的逻辑,通过后面的不定式中的关键词increase寺和vary your muscle use等信息反推所需词汇为正向词汇,直接排除A和B,D是中性,只有C(有效的)符合逻辑,故为正确答案。


Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency- permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever- tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase ‘jobseeker’s allowance’-invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.


21.  George Osborne’s scheme was intended to ___________.

[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.

[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.

[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.

[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.

22. The phrase “to sign on” (Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.

[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.

[C]to register for an allowance from the government.

[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.

23. What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.

[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.

[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel

[A]uneasy.

[B]enraged.

[C]insulted.

[D]guilty.

25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.

[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.

[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.

[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.


Text 2

 All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

  During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

  There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

 Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.


26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to

[A]the growing demand from clients.

[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.

[C]the prospect of working in big firms.

[D]the attraction of financial rewards.

27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.

[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.

[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.

[D]Receiving training by professional associations.

28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.

[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.

[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.

[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.

29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it

[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.

[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.

[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.

[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.

30. In this text, the author mainly discusses

[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.

[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.

[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.

[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.


Text 3

The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.

31. The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.

[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prize.

[C]an example of bankers’ investment.

[D]a handsome reward for researchers.

32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

[A]the profit-oriented scientists.

[B]the founders of the new award.

[C]the achievement-based system.

[D]peer-review-led research.

33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

[A] controversies over the recipients’ status.

[B] the joint effort of modern researchers.

[C] legitimate concerns over the new prizes.

[D] the demonstration of research findings.

34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?

[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.

[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.

[C]They are the most representative honor.

[D]History has never cast doubt on them.

35. The author believed that the new awards are

[A]acceptable despite the criticism.

[B]harmful to the culture of research.

[C]subject to undesirable changes.

[D]unworthy of public attention.


 Text 4

“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

  In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

  Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.

  Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.

  The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

[A] Critical

[B] Appreciative

[C] Contemptuous

[D] Tolerant

37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to

  [A] retain people’s interest in liberal education.

  [B] define the government’s role in education.

  [C] keep a leading position in liberal education.

[D] safeguard individuals rights to education.

38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests

  [A] an exclusive study of American history.

  [B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.

  [C] the application of emerging technologies.

[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.

39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are

  [A] supportive of free markets.

  [B] cautious about intellectual investigation.

  [C] conservative about public policy.

[D] biased against classical liberal ideas.

40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

  [A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”

  [B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”

  [C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education

  [D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education


答案21-25  BCAAB   26-30  DCBAC  31-35 ABDAA  36-40  ABCBB

答案解析:

Text1

21. B 细节题。本道题的关键是intended to问的是目的,所以我们也应该去寻找体现目的性的词汇,所以在首段首句看到了in order to ,则后面的内容即为本题答案,结合后面找工作的内容则选择B选项。

22.C 词义句意题。先根据题干定位到第二段第三行,to sign on前面有一个很明显的not,则我们可以推知,这一定是前面的反义,我们只要读懂前面半部分就可以了,前面说应该spend looking for work,正好和A选项相符,所以我们只要选择一个相反的选项即可,则选择C选项。

23. A 细节题。本道题的关键是题目中的prompted和chancellor,根据chancellor能定位到二段第五行,再向下寻找则可发现motivate和prompt是对应的,所以看本句即可发现和A选项是对应的。

24. A 细节题。本道题根据unemployed回到文中定位在第三段的最后一句,没有感觉相关内容,所以需要向前找答案,再根据本段第一句话中的losing a job即可判定答案在第二句,因此选择A选项。另我们会发现BCD三个选项趋于强烈和负面,所以,我们选择A选项。

25. B 细节题。本题题根据选项定位。A选项根据大写字母The British welfare system定位到最后一段的第三句,原文是“no longer”,选项与原文反向干扰。B选项根据Osborne’s reforms定位到第一段第二句,可以得出该项目可减少失业危险,所以B为正确答案。C选项根据题干“the jobseekers’ allowance”定位到最后一段倒数第二句,该句提到“no fundamental right”,恰与C选项表意相反,所以C是反向干扰。D选项根据题干“conditional”定位到最后一段最后一句,其中只提到“conditional on actively seeking a job…”,并没有要说以后应该怎样,所以属于无中生有。

Text2

26. D 该题是因果细节题,考察细节。首先,根据段落定位原则模糊定位,定位到前几段。其次,再精确定位,题干中有关键词“students”“law”“profession”,回到原文寻找相关信息。第一段未发现相关信息,然后到第二段看到“The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.”与题干有重合之处,选项D是该句的同义替换。A、B、C三个选项根据原文个别词汇“clients”“inflation”“big-firm”等进行干扰。注意,第一段的But是个假转折词,并非答案处。

27. C 该题是细节题,考察细节。首先根据段落定位原则定位到第三段。其次,根据题干关键词“the costs of legal education”精确定位到第三段第二句话“One is the excessive costs of a legal education.”问题是“which of the following adds to the costs of legal education”,因此定位句的下一句就是答案,即“There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools accredited by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.”分析选项可知,选项C恰当概况了该句子的涵义。A选项利用三段末尾的“This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.”进行干扰。B选项无中生有。D选项根据四段最后一句出现的“training”个别词汇进行干扰。

28. B 该题是原因细节题,问来源。首先段落定位原则定位到第四段。其次,根据题干关键词“the reform of the legal system”定位到第二句“Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.”选项B即为该句的同义替换。

29. A 该题为因果细节题,问原因。根据段落定位原则定位至倒数第二段。其次,题干中出现“the guild-like ownership structure”,精确定位到第二句“Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow.”此外,在该段最后一句提到“…keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.”从而可以得出答案选A。

30. C 该题为文章主旨题,考察文章中心。该篇文章属于问题解决型文章,前5段均在说美国法律职业存在的问题,最后一段提出了解决措施“allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.”。因此,该篇属于问题解决型文章,选C。其他几个选项均为文中的个别细节,以偏概全。

Text3

31. A为细节题。根据题干中的Fundamental Physics Prize可以定位到第一段,但除此之外就没有其他细节提示信息了,所以我们只能根据几个选项去定位,分别根据选项中的entrepreneurs、Nobel Prize、investment、reward去定位,在第一段末句找到了与A选项相一致的句子,则判定A选项正确。

32. B 为细节题。根据题干中的critics定位到第三段,可知第二段没有出题,从第三段第二句可以得出本道题的正确选项,who have made their careers in research即为B选项中的The founders。

33. D 为细节题。本道题如果从题干中看更像是例证题,但题目中说道the case involves即问例子本身,所以为一道细节题。我们在第四段倒数第三句中找到了Higgs boson,定位到本句可以得知nature of modern research---as well as demonstrated by……即为本道题正确答案。

34. A 为判断题。此类题型是考试中的一个难点,在题干中提示信息非常少,所以我们需要根据每个选项分别定位。A选项的durance定位到本段最后一句time。B选项根据legitimacy定位到第一句。C选项没有提到。D选项从最后一段可以验证确实是收到了质疑,B选项和原文不符,可以得知答案为A。

35. A 为主旨题。本题属于作者观点,出在最后一段则说明更多体现了文章的主旨,因为还有一个段落对应,则我们可以在最后一段找答案,根据题干中的award我们可以得知全文的最后一句明确体现了作者的观点,故选A。

Text4

36. A 该题是细节态度题。并非考察全文的态度,也就是说要细节定位。根据题干定位原则,定位第一段AAAS出现之处,并且一定要找到表示评价的部分。该题迷惑性很强,因为文章在AAAS后面就又”praise”所以容易误导大家选择答案B “appreciative(欣赏的)”,但是我们应该看到有however,我们知道如果第一段出现转折,那此转折一定跟主旨有关。同时各个题都与主旨相关,所以这道题应该于主旨相关,后文中的“may cause more harm than good.”让我们知道它的还多余利,所以答案选择A,批判性的。

37. C 细节题。根据自然段定位原则,36题在第一段出题,38题在第三段出题,那37题在第二段出题的可能性就很大。同时题干定位”Influential figures in the Congress”与“leading congressional Democrats and Republicans”同义替换。定位的答案是asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and ….., individual benefactors and others" to "asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. “In humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. “也就是说答案重点在maintain national excellence 刚好与选项C 中的leading position 进行同义替换。ABD与文章不符合。

38. C 推理题。Suggest 是推理题的标志。先化选项关键词,发现选项A是讲American history选项B; 是讲theoretical subjects;选项C]emerging technologies;选项Dfunding foreign languages。返回原文定位的时候,A 选项中的“exclusive 排外”并没有在“stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government;”这句话中体现。B选项中的理论学科没有定位点。D选项与原文“increased funding for teachers”以及“greater study of foreign languages,”不符。属于张冠李戴。“encourages the use of new digital technologies.”与选项C 同义替换。

39. B 属于推理题。Implies是推理题的标志。同时根据提题干定位第五段,找professor. “professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets, self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.”A 选项中的free markets前面的修饰词语是conservative or liberal ideas 没有体现A 选项中的supportive。C选项中的conservative 与文中progressive public policy 不符合。D选项中biased 没有体现,故排除。所以选B。

40. B 主旨大意题。先看其他题题干,我们锁定关键词是report ,而report 就是“the heart of the matter “ 故排除C和D.而我们看A 发现文章并没有讲如何抓住“问题核心”的各个方法。排除A,选择B


Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes .Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)


[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm .Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.

[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City .at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.

[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.

[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural village and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.

[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.

[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Eyan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for thing engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evas’s interpretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos on the island of Crete, in 1900.

[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amounts of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detector. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.

41  --- A  --- 42. --- E  ---43  ---   44 ---   45


答案 41-45 CFGDB

答案解析

41.首段,所以需要找寻综述性的段落。其中A和E选项是给出的,所以只需从余下选项进行选择。B选项中有another,所以不会是第一段。E选项中代词their没有指代对象。F中有however,也不会是第一段。因此,只留下C和D选项。在C选项最后一句提到survey和test sample也很重要。而在D选项开头就提到了survey,而且整段都是,由此可看出D是对C的分述。所以C是首段。

42. 此题排在A项之后,所以内容上应该是衔接的。A项主要谈论的是大部分考古地点是通过仔细搜寻之后找到的,而其他的很多是被偶然发现的,接着举了一些例子。接下来在看各段首句的时候,发现F项中提到大部分考古地点是被考古学家们特意寻找发现的,和A提到的偶然发现意思相反,所以F正确。

43. 此题排在E项之后。E选项最后一句提到天空的搜寻,而在G选项的开头提到地面搜寻,正好形成对应,所以为正确答案。

44. 此时,只留下B和D选项。其中B选项开头提到了in another case,所以前面一段一定要提到in one case, 而D选项中有in one case.所以,D选项在前。

45. 根据上面的分析,此题只能选B。


Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)


Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.

Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.  

Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.

Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.


答案

46. 这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时,我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受,而不能完全理解音乐本身。

【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason,why引导定语从句,修饰the reason。定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself,其表语是不定式短语,由于主语中含有do,不定式符号to省略:articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself。our reactions之后to it为其定语,it指代music。定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。

【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构,reason后why引导的定语从句较长,翻译时可以与主干部分结合,调整表达为:这也就是为什么….。

②定语从句中,when引导时间状语从句,其中with words做状语,翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前,可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。定语从句的主干顺译即可,其中reaction根据语境,可以翻译为“感受”,其定语to it在表达时前置,it指代还原为“音乐”,则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的,就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”,或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。and之后,grasp依据语境,需要翻译为“理解”


47. 人们普遍认为,他(贝多芬)是个思想自由、充满勇气的人,我发现勇气这一品质,是理解他作品的关键,更不必说是演出其作品的关键。

【句型分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one,句首by all accounts为固定搭配,意思是“根据各方面说”。第二个分句的主干为I find courage an essential quality,其中宾语为courage,而an essential quality是宾语补足语。quality后介词短语for the understanding of his work为其定语,其中还包含一个插入结构let alone the performance。

【翻译要点】① 第一个分句结构比较简单,句首固定搭配by all accounts,可以调整表达,翻译为“据大家所说”。主干顺译即可,其中he指代“贝多芬”,one指代person。这一部分可以翻译为“贝多芬是个思想自由、充满勇气的人”。

②第二个分句,主干为“我发现勇气是一个关键品质”,quality后为其定语for the understanding of his work,其中the understanding of his work意思为“对于其作品的理解”,把词性转化后,可以表达为“理解其作品”,这个介词短语需要调整语序前置于quality,可以翻译为“理解他作品的关键品质”,则第二个分句可以表达为“我发现勇气,是理解他作品的关键品质”。还可以调整表达为“我发现勇气这一品质,是理解他作品的关键”。

③在定语for the understanding of his work中的插入成分,在逻辑上let alone并列the understanding和the performance,二者共用定语of his works,顺译句末即可:更不必说是演出其作品的关键品质。


48. 贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量,然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段,在他之前,作曲家很少使用这种方式。

【句型分析】本句主干为Beethoven’s habit was used by composers before him。本句的谓语为被动语态,主语habit后介词短语of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage为其定语,是由介词of与and并列的两个动名词短语increasing the volume with an extreme intensity 和then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage构成。

【翻译要点】①本句主干较为简单,但是主语habit后有很长的后置定语:Habit of increasing the volume…,其中“habit”可以词性转换为动词“习惯”,而中文常常先表达次要信息,则这一部分可以翻译一句话“贝多芬习惯增加…”,置于句首。第一个动名词短语中,with an extreme intensity为状语,表达时需调整语序到其修饰的increasing the volume前,根据语境,volume意思为“音量”,则increasing可以翻译为“增高”。这一部分可以翻译为“最大限度来逐渐增高音量”。第二个动名词短语then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage,状语with a sudden soft passage需调整到following it前表达,其中passage根据语境,意思为“乐段”。则这一部分可以表达为“然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。整合本句主语与其定语,可以翻译为“贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量,然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。

 ②本句主干意思为“在他之前,作曲家很少使用贝多芬的习惯”。中文语义重心在后,将本部分翻译在句末即可。由于前句译文已经提到这种习惯,则这部分可以表达为“在他之前,作曲家很少使用这种习惯”,结合语境还可以表达为“在他之前,作曲家很少使用这种方式”,或者“在他之前,只有极个别作曲家会使用这种方式”。


49. 尤为重要的是贝多芬对于自由的看法,他认为,这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的:他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。

【句型分析】本句为完全倒装,主句的主干是his view of freedom was Especially significant。

his view of freedom后为which引导的非限定性定语从句,修饰freedom,关系代词which在定语从句中作主语。of the individual修饰the rights and responsibilities,冒号后进行解释说明。

【翻译要点】

① 本句主干为完全倒装,但是在翻译时,顺译即可,其中his指代“贝多芬的”,主干可以表达为:尤为重要的是,他(贝多芬)对于自由的看法….。

② which引导定语从句,修饰freedom,表达时翻译成另一句话“对于他而言,这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的”,其中for him还可以调整表达为“他认为”。

③冒号后进行解释,可以翻译为:他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。


50.我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品:苦难是不可避免的,但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。

【句型分析】本句主句主干为One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven,之后by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living为状语,修饰interpret。其中that引导宾语从句suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living,为saying的宾语,宾语从句中it指代suffering。

【翻译要点】①本句主语one,可以翻译为“人们”或者“我们”。主干可以翻译为“我们可以解释贝多芬的大部分作品”。

②主干之后的状语,可以翻译为“通过说痛苦是无法避免的,但是与之相抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。”

③整合主干,可以表达为“我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品:苦难是不可避免的,但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。”





Section III    Writing

Part A


51. Directions:

Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.

You should include the details you think necessary.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

作文解析

今年小作文不出预料,再一次考到了建议信。在我们英语一的考试当中,建议信已经反复考过三次,分别是2007年,2009年和2012年。因此,考生要高度重视历年真题,因为考过的话题或是书信类型会反复考查。今年考题的Direction要求就学校课程给校长提建议。根据题目的要求,我们可以判断本文为公务信函,语域为正式语域,即不能出现缩写、省略问句和和口语表达。

称呼: Dear Mr. President,注意称呼中,所有实词首字母全部大写,Dear Mr. President后面的逗号不可丢,也不能写成冒号。

正文

第一段:写作内容需涵盖两点:写信目的,表明建议;赞扬在前,建议在后。文章开头开门见山的表明了写信目的,用到了这样的表达It is my great honor to write to you. 第二句赞扬在前,建议在后。文中用到了这样的表达As far as I am concerned, we have enough extraordinary lectures and what we need now is physical exercise.

第二段: 写作内容为建议细节。首先,希望学校能够安排更多的体育课程;其次,希望学校能够制定固定的时间表来保证课外活动的时间。再次,希望全体教员也能参与其中。

第三段:写作内容为寄予期待,表示感谢。注意语气真挚礼貌。

落款: Yours sincerely,  特别提醒sincerely后面逗号不能丢;

签名: Li Ming    特别注意 Ming 后面一定不能出现句点。


参考例文:


Dear Mr. President,

  It is my great honor to write to you. As far as I am concerned, we have enough extraordinary lectures and what we need now is physical exercise.

  Since most of the time is spent in watching TV and playing computer games, our physical conditions are not good enough. i still have some suggestions for you. To begin with, our university should arrange more PE classes. To continue, we should have a fixed schedule for a certain time of outdoor activity. What is more, teaching faculty should be involved in the same kind of physical exercise.

  I hope that our university could take the responsibility for our students’ physical health. I will be highly grateful if you could take my suggestions into account.  

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming


Part B


52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1)describe the drawing briefly,

2)interpret its intended meaning, and

3)give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points)

英1.png

作文解析

2014年的大作文从总体上来看不难,因为它考查到了现在的一个社会热点。而且从十年的考研真题来讲,2005年的大作文考查到的是赡养老人的问题,当年的图画是可怜的老父亲缩成了一只皮球,四个儿女守着四个球门,老人被儿女们踢来踢去。当年全国考生平均分10.88分,难度系数0.544,区分度为0.64764。当年的描述图画部分比较难表达,而今年图画描述部分相比起来就容易得多。下面我们就从写作的标准三段式来讲讲这三段我们应该怎么写。

第一段图画描述段的写作内容主要是表述图画,需包括两点:三十年前是个什么样子,现在是什么样子。三十年前“我”还是个孩子,母亲大手拉小手陪伴着我成长;现在,母亲上年纪了,我快乐地陪伴在母亲的身旁。其实第一段还有两个需要注意的地方,一是题目要求是一幅图,大家在写作时尽量按照一幅图画去处理;二是图画下面的汉字“相携”比较难翻译,不过大家可以意译为陪伴。这两个地方不是大问题,因为它相对于作文要考查考生书面表达的要求来说是微不足道的。

第二段是图画涵义阐释段。本段可分两个方面来具体写。一方面具体写明要照顾老人,因为他们为我们付出了自己的青春;另一方面,我们要关爱儿童的成长,因为他们是我们的未来,祖国的希望。

第三段评论段的写作内容为给出自己的评论和建议。可以指出年轻人应该把尊重和照顾

年迈的父母视为一种道义责任。另外,父母也要关注孩子的成长。只有这样,我们的家庭才能和睦,社会才能更加和谐!


参考例文:

  As is vividly described in the left part of the drawing, thirty years ago, there stood a delicate mother, holding the tiny hand of a lovely girl, who wore a red scarf. On the contrary, the right part of the picture illustrates that with time flying quickly, the little girl, who has already grown up as a gorgeous lady, is supporting her old mother. We are informed: accompanying.

  It is without saying that the old and the young are two indispensable parts in society. On the one hand, what we have and enjoy now was created by our parents in the early days, as the old Chinese saying goes, "One generation plants tress under whose shade another generation rests". On the other hand, all of us are supposed to take good care of the youngsters, too. It is children who make us see the future of our state, for they are the future builders of our country.

  The young should consider it a moral obligation respecting and taking care of old parents. Meanwhile, it is also the duty of the parents to protect, educate and look after the youths. Let's bear this in mind and cultivate that virtue together, because only by doing so, can we feel as if we were living in a happy and harmonious family.

2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题

Section I  Use of English


Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that   1   the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by   2   factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big   3   was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.   4  , he theorised that a judge   5   of appearing too soft   6   crime might be more likely to send someone to prison   7   he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

To   8   this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the   9   of an applicant should not depend on the few others   10   randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was   11   .

He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews   12   by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had   13   applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale   14   numerous factors into consideration. The scores were   15   used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is  16    out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

Dr Simonsonh found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one   17   that, then the score for the next applicant would   18   by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to   19   the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been   20   .

1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers

2. [A] minor [B] objective[C] crucial[D] external

3. [A] issue [B] vision[C] picture[D] moment

4. [A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all

5. [A] fond [B] fearful[C] capable[D] thoughtless

6. [A] in [B] on[C] to[D] for

7. [A] if [B] until [C] though[D] unless

8. [A] promote [B] emphasize[C] share [D] test

9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success

10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified

11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise

12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured

13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged

14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took

15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather

16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced

17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below

18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate

19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard

20. [A] promising [B] possible[C] necessary [D] helpful

Section II   Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her

  [A] poor bargaining skill.

  [B] insensitivity to fashion.

  [C] obsession with high fashion.

[D] lack of imagination.

22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to

  [A] combat unnecessary waste.

  [B] shut out the feverish fashion world.

  [C] resist the influence of advertisements.

[D] shop for their garments more frequently.

23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

  [A] accusation.

  [B] enthusiasm.

  [C] indifference.

  [D] tolerance.

24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

  [A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

  [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

  [C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

  [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

25. What is the subject of the text?

  [A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

  [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

  [C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

  [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.


Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to

[A] ease competition among themselves.

[B] lower their operational costs.

[C] avoid complaints from consumers.

[D] provide better online services.

27. “The industry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to

[A] online advertisers.

[B] e-commerce conductors.

[C] digital information analysis.

[D] internet browser developers.

28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default.

[A] may cut the number of junk ads.

[B] fails to affect the ad industry.

[C] will not benefit consumers.

[D] goes against human nature.

29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?

[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.

[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.

[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.

[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.

30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of

[A] indulgence.

[B] understanding.

[C] appreciation.

[D] skepticism.


Text 3

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely — though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by

[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.

[B] our faith in science and technology.

[C] our awareness of potential risks.

[D] our belief in equal opportunity.

32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are

[A] a sustained species.

[B] a threat to the environment.

[C] the world’s dominant power.

[D] a misplaced race.

33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?

[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.

[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to

[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.

[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.

[C] draw on our experience from the past.

[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] Uncertainty about Our Future

[B] Evolution of the Human Species

[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind

[D] Science, Technology and Humanity


Text 4

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.


36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they

[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.

[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.

[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.


37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?

[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.

[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.

[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.


38.  It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts

[A] violated the Constitution.

[B] undermined the states’ interests.

[C] supported the federal statute.

[D] stood in favor of the states.


39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement

[A] outweighs that held by the states. 

[B] is dependent on the states’ support.

[C] is established by federal statutes. 

[D] rarely goes against state laws.


40.  What can be learned from the last paragraph?

[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress. 

[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.


Part B

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)         . Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.

  (42)        . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43)        .

  When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.

  The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)          . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.

  The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)          . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.


[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.

[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.

[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.


Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; 46)yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.

One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. 48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.

Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal lift, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. 50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.

Section III   Writing

P art A

Directions:

Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.

You should include the details you think necessary.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)


Part B

Directions:

Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) interpret its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)


1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语一试题答案详解


Section Ⅰ Use of English

1. [标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配题。

[选项分析]选项为四个动词。grant意为“授予,给予,允许”等,常用结构为grant sth. (to sb.) 或者grant sb. sth;submit含有 “提交”之意,常用结构为submit sth. to sb./sth.,用于下级对上级;transmit 意为“传输,发射”;deliver意为 “传递”。空格位于首段第二句,是that引导的定语从句的谓语动词。根据句意,该句顺承首句“总体而言,人们自己做决定时,并不擅长考虑背景信息”而指出“乍一看,这是一种优势,它……做判断的能力”。很显然,此处只有grant合适,既符合题意,也吻合结构,意为“它(这种优势)赋予做判断的一种能力”。其余各词均不能与ability搭配,所以[A]是答案。

2.[标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 上下文语义题。

[选项分析] 四个选项意义截然不同。minor 意为“未成年的;次要的;较小的”等;objective意为“客观的;目标的”等;crucial意为“重要的,决定性的”;external意为“外部的,外表的”。该空位于which 引导的定语从句中,修饰factors,定语从句的意思是“不受……因素而做的判决”。其中的unbiased意为“fair and not influenced by”。第一句话说“人们不擅长利用背景信息作决定”,第二句话代词“this”指代第一句话,表述这种不善利用背景信息也可以是一种优势(strength),所以可以推出:免遭背景信息的影响,从而作出公正的(unbiased)判决。根据上下文意思,此处的_2__factors显然是background information的同义词,所以只能选external。尽管其它词语均可与factors搭配,但均与句意不符。所以[D]为答案。

3.[标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配题。

[选项分析]根据句意“不考虑大的……会使决策者因其所处的日常背景环境而形成偏见”可知,inability to consider the big __3__与poor at considering background information意思相同,所以the big _3__为background information 的同义替换,只有picture的范围和意义与此吻合。big picture 是一个固定搭配,表示“大局,事件的全貌”,“事件的全貌”也往往用whole picture,这里的big picture改写了前面的background information和external factors。其它词语与big 搭配,均没有这层意思。[A]issue“问题”,[B]vision“想象”,[D] moment“时刻”。

4.[标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题。

[选项分析] 根据上下文的逻辑关系判断,在提出一个观点之后,接下来就是进行例证。选项中只有[A] 表示“例如”,符合这一逻辑关系,故选[A]。此外,2010年完型也考查了for example, 2009年完型考查了for instance,例证关系是历年考研完型的重要考点。[B]表示“平均”;[C]为“大体上,原则上”;[D] 为“首先”,均不符合。

5.[标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析题。

[选项分析] 四个选项均可与介词 of 搭配。fond of表示“喜欢”,fearful of 表示“害怕,恐怕”,capable of 表示“能够,具有……能力”,thoughtless of表示“考虑不周”。分析句子结构可知,_5__of appearing too soft 为judge 的定语。整句话的意思是“……显得对犯罪太过心慈手软的法官可能更倾向于判人入狱”,[A]和[D]显然不对。而“显得对犯罪太过心慈手软”也不是某种能力,所以可排除[C] 。根据上下文意思,法官做出入狱判决,是因为“害怕”自己表现得对犯罪过于软弱(too soft)。故选[B]。

6.[标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 固定搭配题。

[选项分析] soft on sb./sth.是固定搭配,表示“对某人/某事态度偏软,不够严厉”的意,故选[B]。 此外,根据介词的本义和其后所接的crime(犯罪,犯罪行为),也可以判断只能选on,其它均与句意不吻合。

7.[标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题。

[选项分析]if表示假设,“如果”;until 表示时间,“直到……”;though表示转折,“然而”;unless表示让步,“除非”。前半句意为“担心对犯罪行为表现过分软弱的法官可能更会判人入狱”,后半句意为“当天他已经判五到六人缓刑”。两句话之间是明显的假设关系,所以只有if符合题意,[A]为答案。本句的a judge对应前一句的decision-makers,缓刑判决案例对应前一句的the daily samples of information they were working with,本句论证前一句所提出的“biased”,表明法官没关注案件本身,而依据先前的缓刑判决,从而不公正地做出入狱判决。

8.[标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词辨析题。

[选项分析] promote意为“促进”;emphasize 意为“强调”,常与介词on搭配;share 意为“分享”,常用于share sth. with sb.; test 意为“测试,验证”。所选动词的宾语为idea。根据上文中的speculated可知,该idea只是一种猜测,所以只能选test“验证”。整句话的意思是,“他求助于大学招生程序来验证这种观点”。所以,[D]是答案。关于test用法,在2010年第三篇阅读也出现过:“untested theory未经证实的观点”。

9.[标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析题。

[选项分析] 本句提到的例子和第一段的例子如出一辙。根据第一段,法官若要判决某具体案件,为保持公正,就不应该考虑当天已经判决的案例。同理可得,本句表明的意思是,在权衡入学申请人的时候,也不应该受到同一天其他申请人的干扰。[A]“决定,抉择”;[B] “质量”;[C ]status “身份”;[D] success “成功”。只有[D]带入文中“申请人的……不应该取决于同一天随机面试的其他几名申请人”语义通顺,所以答案是[D]。

10.[标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义题。

[选项分析]结合本题选项和句子结构可知,空格处为过去分词作others的后置定语,且被randomly修饰,randomly“随意地,随机地”暗示the few others是随意“挑选的”,所以答案选[A]。[B]studied“被研究的”,[C]found“(努力寻找)而发现”和[D]identified“被鉴别出”都表示“刻意、努力为之”而得出结果的含义,randomly相矛盾,故均可排除。

11.[标准答案] [D ]

[考点分析] 上下文语义题。

[选项分析]选项为四个形容词。exceptional意为“例外的”;defensible意为“可防御的,可辩护的”;replaceable意为“可替换的”;otherwise意为“相反的”。根据but可知前后句间为转折关系,即theory和the truth之间是不符的。四个词中只有otherwise表示“相反的”,与句意吻合;其余的均不能表达but的强烈转折意味。所以答案是D。

12.[标准答案] [C ]

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词辨析题。

[选项分析]选项是四个动词的过去分词。inspired 意为“鼓舞的;授意的”;expressed意为 “表达的”; conducted 意为“引导的,指挥的,管理的”;secured 意为“保护的,担保的”。根据句子结构,此处是动词的过去分词作后置定语,修饰interviews,且该工作的执行者是by后的31 admissions officers。由此可知,只能是“入学考试的官员们指导的面试”,所以选conducted。conduct 多与考试、面试等搭配,表示“进行面试或考试”。inspire“授意”,多指由较高级别的组织部门或人允许或要求较低级别的组织部门或人去做某件事情,显然不符合此处语义;expressed和secured也与语义不符,故[C]为答案。

13.[标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析题。

[选项分析]选项是四个动词。 assign 表示“ 分配;指派”等;rate意为“ 认为;估价;划分等级”等;match 意为“使比赛;匹配”等;arrange意为“  安排,整理”等。根据原文的on a scale of one to five(1至5五个等级)即可确定只能选rate,其他均无划分级别的含义。整句话意为“面试官将申请者划分为1至5五个等级”。所以正确答案是[B]。

14.[标准答案] [D ]

[考点分析] 固定搭配题。

[选项分析]根据句子后面的into consideration即可确定选take,take into consideration是固定搭配,意为“把……考虑在内”。其他三个选项均不能与into consideration搭配。

15. [标准答案] [B ]

[考点分析] 逻辑关系题。

[选项分析]选项是四个副词。instead表示“代替,反而”;then表示“然后”;ever表示“曾经,永远”;rather表示“宁可,宁愿;反而”。本题所在句句子主干为The scores were  15  used to make a decision on whether to accept him or her,所填副词表明本句与前文的逻辑关系。前面两句说到,面试官把申请者划分为5个等级,本句中The scores“分数”即指申请者获得的等级。本句说得到的分数将和GMAT分数一起被用来决定其是否被录取。从上下文的语义衔接看,本句与前文两句之间只存在时间上的先后顺序,而不存在转折等其他关系,故答案为[B]。

16.[标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和动词辨析

[选项分析] select表示“选择”;pass表示“通过”;mark表示“标志,打分数”;introduce表示“介绍,引入”。分析句子结构,which 引导的定语从句修饰 exam,而且后面跟着800 points,很显然与分数有关,可确定选[C]mark。该句的意思是,“GMAT是以800分计算的一种标准化测试”。pass之后一般接考试,而不是分数;其余两个选项也均不能与分数搭配,均排除。

17.[标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义题。

[选项分析]根据句子结构,句中出现三个比较对象,the previous candidate,the one_17__that(此处的that指代the previous candidate)和the next applicant。很明显,the previous candidate是比较的基准,then后是其与the next applicant进行的比较,所以空格处只能是the previous candidate与其前的比较,答案选before。而且,根据句意,前一个申请者的得分只能是比他“之前”参加面试的人得分多,这样才能有他之后的人与他形成对比。after“之后”颠倒原文的时间顺序,应排除;above和below不表示时间顺序,可直接排除。正确答案是[A]。

18.[标准答案] [ B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义

[选项分析] 选项是四个动词。jump意为“上升,暴涨”;float意为“漂浮”;drop意为“下降”;fluctuate意为“浮动”,多指围绕某个标准而上下波动。该句话主要讲分数的高低变化,所以只能是上升或下降,可首先排除float和fluctuate。根据后句话的结构可知,This指代an average of 0.075 points,后面又有such a decrease与this相呼应,即an average of 0.075 points是decrease的,所以只能选drop。整句话的意思是,“Simonsohn博士发现,在每天的一连串面试者当中,如果前一个应试者的分数比此前的面试者高出0.75个点或高出更多的话,那么下一个面试者的分数平均会下降0.075个点”。所以[B]是答案。

19. [标准答案] [ B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义题。

[选项分析] 选项是四个动词。achieve表示“达到,完成”;undo表示“取消,解开”;maintain表示“维持,继续,维修”;disregard表示“忽视,不尊重”。根据句意,“这一差距听起来很小,但要想……这很小的分差所带来的影响,应试者就需要在GMAT考试中比实际……多考取30分才行。”很显然,此处应该选填一个表示“消除”影响的动词,所以[B]undo是答案,其余三个均与原文不符。

20.[标准答案] [ C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义题。

[选项分析] promising意为“有希望的,有前途的”;possible意为“可能的”;necessary意为“必需的”;helpful意为“有帮助的,有益的”。根据句子结构,than作关系代词引导定语从句,先行词为GMAT points,所选词修饰points。句子把两种分数进行比较。一种是面试分数不受影响时,考生成功入学,GMAT“必需的”分数。另一种是面试分数受到不公正影响时,考生要成功入学,GMAT 需要的分数。后者比前者高30分。所以答案是[C]necessary,而不能是promising,possible或helpful。实际上more than necessary是一个常用结构,意为“超过实际需要的”。

参考译文

总的来说,人们在做个人决定时,并不擅长考虑背景信息。乍一看,这似乎是一种优势,它赋予人们不受外界因素影响而做判断的能力。但是,Simonsohn博士推测,缺乏考虑大局的能力,会导致决策者受其日常所接触信息的影响而形成偏见。例如,他这样推理,如果一个法官害怕(别人说他)对犯罪太心慈手软,而且他在那天已经对五、六个被告做出缓刑判决,那么他更可能会判接下来的人入狱。

为了验证这种想法,他开始关注大学招生程序。理论上讲,申请人的成功不应该依赖于同一天里随机抽取的其他面试者,但是Simonsohn博士怀疑事实并非如此。

他研究了由31位招生人员主考的9323位MBA考生的面试结果。经过考虑众多因素,面试官将申请人划分成1至5五个等级。然后,(他们)将这些分数与申请人的经企管理研究生入学考试(或称GMAT)成绩综合起来,由此来决定他或她是否被录取。GMAT是一种满分为800分的标准化考试。

Simonsohn博士发现,在每天的一连串面试者当中,如果前一个应试者的分数比其前的应试者的分数高出0.75个点或高出更多的话,那么下一个申请者的分数就会平均下降0.075个点。这一分差听起来很小,但是要想抵消掉它所带来的影响,应试者就要在GMAT考试中比实际所需要的分数再多出30分才行。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1


21.【标准答案】[B]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对文中具体信息的理解能力和对因果细节信息的分析能力,解题的关键在于把握定位段落的核心信息。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息Priestly和criticize定位到首段首句,去掉状语和插入语,首句的主干信息为Priestly scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. 意思为“Priestly责怪她那没有魅力的助手,因为她的助手认为顶级时尚并没有影响到她”。题干的criticizes对应文中的scolds,选项[B]insensitivity to fashion对应文中high fashion doesn’t affect her,是对原文首句的概括总结。所以[B]选项正确。[A]利用第二句中the bargain bin“廉价商品处理区”和the poor girl这些细节信息编造干扰。bargain 修饰的是bin,而不是skill。[C]正反混淆,“对顶级时尚痴迷”与原文含义相反。[D]曲解文意,原文首句中imagining是动词的现在分词形式,此处译为“认为”,而选项中imagination为名词“想象力”,变换了词性,改变了词义,与原文含义不符。所以[A][C][D]均可排除。

22. 【标准答案】[D]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对文中人物观点的把握能力和对细节信息的分析能力。解题的关键在于定位题干信息,并结合选项内容,准确理解原文内容。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息Cline,labels和consumers定位到第二段第四句,去掉两个破折号之间的插入语,此句的主干信息为Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks,意思为“那些商标鼓励有时尚意识的消费者把衣服视为一次性用品,并且每隔几周更新衣橱”。[D]是对该句的同义替换,题干的urge对应文中的encourage,选项中的garments对应文中wardrobe,shop for…frequently对应文中renew… every few weeks。所以[D]选项正确。[A]是根据第二段第三句中的Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory设置的干扰项。该句是说更快的周转时间使得库存浪费减少了,这还是说明人们购物更频繁了,并不表明大众品牌商标鼓励人们“与不必要的浪费作斗争”。故[A]与文意相悖。[B]正反混淆,大众品牌商标会使得消费者身处于狂热的时尚界,而不是使消费者脱离狂热的时尚界。[C]曲解文意,利用第四句中although they don’t advertise that…设置无关干扰,文中并未提及“抵制广告的影响”。所以[A][B][C]均可排除。

23.【标准答案】[A]


【考点分析】此题考查考生根据上下文或构词知识推测生词词义的能力,解题的关键在于把握定位位置的上下文逻辑关系并关注文章的主线及感情色彩。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息定位到第二段首句。推测“indictment”的词义需结合上下文语境,首句中Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”,可见“indictment”是Cline对待快速时尚的态度。所以根据该段末句中Cline argues这一关键点,理解末句含义便可推测出“indictment”的词义。末句主要信息为“这些品牌扰乱了时尚周期,撼动了长期适应于季节性节奏的整个行业”。可见Cline所有的态度是反向的,批判的。[A]“指控,谴责”符合题意,所以选为答案。另外,根据构词知识可知,indictment= in+dict+ment,其中的dict是常见词根,意为“说”,ment为名词词尾,in-为表示否定或加强意义的前缀,所以可初步猜测为跟“说”有关的意思。选项中只有[A]有“说”的意思,而且accusation=ac+cus+ation意为“起诉,控告”。[B]正反混淆。[C]选项本身错误,议论文中的观点态度必须是明确的,不能是漠不关心的。[D]也不符合语境。所以[B][C][D]均可排除。


24.【标准答案】[D]

【考点分析】此题考查考生对核心信息的推理引申能力,解题的关键在于准确把握段落的中心句 。


【选项分析】[A]项中vanity是关键词,可定位在该段最后一句话。但是该选项中的比较内容在原文中未出现,所以明显不对。(特别提醒考生:对于含有比较意义的选项一定要特别关注;一般来说,这种选项都不是正确答案)[B]项与该段的首句话内容“一些快时尚公司已经努力控制其对劳动力和环境的影响”明显矛盾,所以不正确。[C]项又是一个比较句,要特别注意其比较的内容。尽管该段最后一句是个比较句,但其比较的对象是购物的可持续性,而不是选项中的“买不起的衣物”,所以该选项也不正确。很明显,选项[D]是对该段最后一句话的正确理解。“人们只有买不起衣服时才会开始可持续性购物”,这充分说明价格对于可持续性购物的重要性,故正确选项为[D]。

25.【标准答案】[C]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对文章总体结构的分析能力和对主旨要义的理解能力,解题的关键在于把握文章的行文思路和整体框架,通过筛选题目中的中心词来确定文章主旨。  


【选项分析】由文章结构可知:首段举例引入时尚主题。第二段引出文章主旨fast fashion并且指出了它对于时尚产业的破坏作用。第三四段通过数据和举例进一步例证fast fashion的弊端。第五六段指出可以采取的解决办法:人们往往只有在无法支付的情况下才会进行可持续性购买。可见fast-fashion为文章的中心词,且作者的态度是批判性的。所以[C]选项正确。[A]无中生有,文中从未提及。[B]曲解文意,high-fashion是文章首段引入时尚主题的局部信息,不是全文论述的主旨。尽管mass-market出现过,但文章并未论述其秘密,所以[D]也不正确。故[A][B][D]均可排除。

参考译文

在2006年上映的电影《穿Prada的女魔头》中,由梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普利斯特里责备了她那没有魅力的助手,是因为她的助手认为顶级时尚对她没有影响。普利斯特里数落说,助手的深蓝色毛衣经历岁月的变迁从时尚秀场退化到百货商店,进而沦落到廉价商品处理区。而在这里,可怜的女孩毫不犹豫地挑选了这件衣服。

时尚行业这种自上而下的理念都非常过时,也与伊丽莎白·席琳历时三年完成的《盛装》一书中指责的“快速时尚”所描述的狂热的世界不相符。在过去十年左右的时间里,技术进步已使Zara, H&M, 和Uniqlo这样的大众市场品牌能够更迅速地应对潮流,更精准地预测需求。更快速的周转意味着更少的库存浪费,更频繁的新品发布以及更多的利润回收。那些商标促使对时尚敏感的消费者将服装看作一次性用品—— 只洗一两次就扔掉,虽然他们并没有做这样的广告宣传 ——并且每隔几周更新衣橱。席琳认为,通过以极低的价格提供时尚产品,这些品牌劫持了时尚圈,动摇了长期以来适应于季节周期的整个产业。

当然,这场变革的受害者并不仅限于设计师。H&M品牌要想向世界各地2300多家分店供应价格为5.95美元的针织迷你裙,它必须依赖廉价的海外劳动力和大额订单,这些订单使得(服装企业)过度消耗自然资源并且使用大量的有害化学制品。

席琳认为:“《盛装》是时尚界对于像Michael Pollan所著的《杂食者的困境》这样的消费者维权畅销书的一种回应。大批量生产的衣服像快餐一样,满足了饥饿和需求,却是非耐用品,而且是种浪费。”她发现,美国人一年购买大约200亿件衣服,平均每人64件,而且无论其花费多少,这样的过量置衣会造成浪费。

在《盛装》的结尾,席琳介绍了她心目中的典范,一个名叫Sarah Kate Beaumont的布鲁克林女人,她从2008年开始所有的衣服都自己制作,而且很漂亮。但是正如席琳首次提到的那样,Beaumont花费了几十年来完善她制作衣服的手艺,她的成功不是一蹴而就的。

尽管一些快速时尚公司(包括H&M 和它的绿色Conscious Collection 系列)已经努力遏制它们对劳动力和环境造成的影响,但是席琳认为持续的变化只能通过消费者达成。她对无论是在食品行业还是能源领域支持可持续性的人士,提出了他们共同的理念。每个人都有虚荣心;人们往往只有在无法支付的情况下才会进行可持续性的购买。



Text 2

26.【标准答案】[B]

【考点分析】此题考查考生对细节信息的分析和理解能力。解题的关键在于定位题干信息,并结合选项内容,准确理解原文内容。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息“behavioural” ads可将答案定位在首段的第二、三句话。这两句话指出,互联网时代的行为广告能瞄准目标顾客,减少被浪费掉的部分广告经费,由此可知,选项[B]“降低广告商的运营成本”是正确答案。[B]是对第二句话的同义替换,其中的lower对应文中be reduced,operational costs对应文中this fraction(half of all advertising budgets),选项用主动语态形式表达了原文的被动语态形式的句子。所以[B]项正确。[A][C][D]在原文中未提及,均可排除。

27.【标准答案】[D]


【考点分析】本题考查考生对文章中关键指代词所指代信息的分析能力。解题的关键在于结合上下文来确定词义。


【选项分析】“The industry”所在句指出,the FTC和the DAA达成了共识:the industry要对DNT做出迅速回应,结合上下文语境可知,the industry指代前文出现的内容:Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari“微软的IE浏览器和苹果的游猎浏览器”以及Googles Chrome“谷歌的铬黄浏览器”,也就是[D]表述的“网络浏览器开发商”,所以[D]选项正确。[A]不是本段谈论的核心内容;[B]和[C]在文中未提及,此三项均可排除。

28.【标准答案】[C]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对文章细节信息和文中人物观点的把握能力。解题的关键在于定位题干信息,并结合选项内容,准确理解原文内容。


【选项分析】根据题干中的关键词Bob Liodice,DNT和default可将答案定位在第五段的最后几句话。Bob Liodice说,如果广告商收集不到有关消费者偏好的信息(即题干所提的“将DNT设为默认”带来的后果),那么这对于消费者来说将更为不利。[C]是对原文中的consumers will be worse off的同义互换,所以[C]是正确答案。[A]正反混淆,与第五段最后两句所说的垃圾广告不是减少而是增加相反。[B]与原文主题相矛盾,全文主要论述的就是DNT对于广告业的可能影响。[D]曲解文意,第五段第二句说“出于人类本能,很多用户都坚持使用默认选项”,这不能说“将DNT设为默认违背人性”。所以[A][B][D]均可排除。

29.【标准答案】[A]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对文章细节信息的分析能力。解题的关键在于与原文信息一一核查,找出符合段落具体信息的正确选项。


【选项分析】定位到第六段。本段末句提到some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway“有些广告商会忽略"禁止跟踪"信号,不管不顾地继续追踪用户在线行为”,而设置“禁止追踪”的初衷是为了保证人们的在线行为不被追踪。由此可推知,"禁止跟踪"可能不会达到预期的目的。所以[A]项正确。[B]正反混淆,第六段第一句提到“广告商们会对此作何反应仍不清楚”,而不是广告商愿意实施"禁止跟踪"。[C]正反混淆,第六段末句提到“无法辨别消费者是否保留着微软的默认设置”,而不是消费者不欢迎“禁止跟踪”。[D]偷换概念,第二句Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,即DNT不会迫使广告商停止跟踪,选项将文中stop tracking偷换为offer behavioural ads,并将原文的否定表达换成了肯定表达。所以[B][C][D]均可排除。

30.【标准答案】[D]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对作者观点态度的把握。态度题有两种解法:整体分析法和具体定位法。前者是根据作者对文章主要内容的倾向性来做出综合推断,后者是根据某一段落或句子中的具体信息来确定。

【选项分析】根据题干已知信息Brendon Lynch定位到文章末段最后两句。Brendon Lynch在博客中写道:“我们认为用户应该有更大的话语权。”最后一句Could it really be that simple? “真的是这么简单吗?”体现了作者的态度,很显然,作者对于微软采取这一措施的动机表示质疑。所以[D]项正确。[A] [B][C]都不符合题意,均可排除。

参考译文

老话说得好,所有的广告预算有一半都打了水漂——问题是,没有人知道到底是哪一半。在网络时代,至少在理论上,这一部分可大幅度减少。通过观察人们的在线搜索、点击和评论,公司能够向那些最有可能购买的顾客身上投放“行为”广告。

在过去的几周内,一席争吵已经体现出这样精准的信息对于广告商(和他们的软件供应商)的价值。广告商们应该试想人们愿意被追踪并且被发送行为广告吗?或广告商们是不是应该获得明确的许可?

2010年12月份,美国的联邦贸易委员会提议将“禁止跟踪”选项添加到网络浏览器中,以便用户能够告诉广告商们他们不想被追踪。微软的IE浏览器以及苹果的游猎浏览器都有“禁止跟踪”选项;今年,谷歌的铬黄浏览器也将提供这一功能。2月份,联邦贸易委员会与数字广告联盟达成共识:该行业应对“禁止跟踪”的要求进行回应。

5月31日,微软引发了这场争论。它声称将在随公司Windows 8一起面市的IE10浏览器中,设置DNT为默认选项。

广告商们一阵恐慌。人性使然,大部分人坚持使用默认设置。现在很少有人会开启DNT选项,但如果“追踪”选项是关着的,它就会保持关闭状态。数字广告联盟下的一个组织全美广告商协会主席Bob Liodice说:“如果广告行业不能收集消费者的偏好信息,那么这对于消费者来说将更为不利。”他还说:“人们收到的广告不会减少,他们收到的是更没有意义,更缺少针对性的广告。”

目前仍然不清楚广告商会作何回应。尽管一些公司已经承诺会在收到DNT信号后停止追踪,但是收到DNT信号的公司并没有义务停止跟踪。因为无法判断用户是真正反对“行为”广告,还是没有更改微软提供的默认选项,所以有些广告商会忽视DNT信号,继续追踪信息。


同样不清楚的是,为何微软孤军奋战。毕竟微软公司也有广告业务,尽管该公司仍在研究如何对DNT请求做出回应,但却声称会遵守DNT请求。如果微软公司想要去激怒几乎全靠广告业务运营的谷歌的话,那么它选择了一条间接的途径:没人保证默认的DNT将会成为行业规范。DNT似乎不会成为Windows 8的巨大卖点——尽管微软之前以此为标准将旗下的其他产品与谷歌的相媲美。微软的首席隐私官Brendon Lynch在博客中曾经这样写道:“我们相信消费者们应该有更多的控制权”。事情真能这么简单吗?

Text 3

31.【标准答案】[B]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对细节信息的分析能力,解题的关键在于挖掘出隐藏在定位段落中的因果逻辑关系。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息Our vision of the future和过去时的标志性短语used to 定位到第一段。第一句指出过去人们对未来的想象是积极的,第二句解释其原因:科学和技术能治愈人类的一切疾病,给人们带来圆满的生活和无限的机遇。可见人们过去之所以对未来很乐观是因为对科技是充满信心的。[B]是该句的同义替换,所以[B]项正确。[A][D] 因果倒置,lives of fulfillment和opportunity实则是科技进步所产生的结果,并非造成我们对未来憧憬的原因。且[D]中的equal opportunity曲解了原文opportunity for all的意思,所以[A]和[D]均不正确。[C]不在定位的段落,是第二段的内容,对应的时间词是Now,与题干中的used to矛盾,所以[C]可排除。 


32.【标准答案】[A]


【考点分析】此题考查对细节信息的推理引申能力和区分论点论据的能力,解题的关键在于准确区分论点论据。

【选项分析】根据题干已知信息The IUCN’s “Red List”定位到第三段第四句。该句中出现了专有名词"Red List"和引用的"Red List"一书中的内容,可知第四句为论据,该论据是用以论证前面的论点的,即第三句:we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years “就算不能存续数十万年,我们也有绝佳的机会能够存续数万年”。由此可知,人类是持续性物种。[A]是对第三句这一论点的概括总结,并且由论据本身“人类分布广泛,适应能力强,数量正在增加,并且目前人类尚未遇到致整体数量减少的大威胁”也可推出[A]正确。[B] 是对threatened species的误解,不是对环境的威胁,而是其本身是一种受威胁的物种。[C]过度夸大,与原文含义不符。[D]偷换概念,原文中misplaced修饰的是gloominess,而不是race。所以[B][C][D]均可排除。

33.【标准答案】[D]

【考点分析】 此题考查考生对段落主旨的把握和细节信息的分析能力,解题的关键在于将选项与原文信息进行一一比对,找出符合段落主旨的正确选项。


【选项分析】定位到第五段,[A]曲解文意,该段最后一句中Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future“Arc是专门研究不远的将来的一种新刊物”,而不是“Arc有助于限定未来学的研究范围”。根据[B]项中的technology可将其定位在第二句,该句明确指出科技的演化及其带来的社会后果是复杂的,所以最好把探索我们所能设想的众多可能性的任务留给科幻作家和未来学家,整句话未提及solutions,也没有提到social problem,所以[B]错误。[C]项中的science fiction虽在该段第二句有所提及,但并未提及人们对其的兴趣,所以[C]不正确。根据[D]项中的immediate future可将其定位于该段首句,该句明确指出想象lengthy timescales要比想象immediate future容易,换言之,想象我们不远的将来比较难。所以[D]项正确。


34.【标准答案】[C]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对段落主旨的把握和细节信息的分析能力,解题的关键在于把握定位段落的核心信息。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息future of the mankind以及出题顺序与段落顺序基本保持一致的原则定位到最后两段。第六段第一句转折指出,从更远的视角来看,竟然有相当多的事情是我们可以非常确定的。第二句阐明原因:过去是通向未来的关键(key,对应题干的crucial),我们现已识别出足够多的形成地球和人类历史的长期模式,以便有根据地预测我们的后代将来所处的环境。换言之,为了确保人类的将来,关键要吸取过去经验。[C]是对第六段第二句的同义替换,所以[C]正确。[A]利用文中出现的explore,planet以及常识干扰,但文中从未提及勘探地球上丰富的资源。[B]将原文的adopt an optimistic view of our future偷换成adopt an optimistic view of the world,而且对确保未来不是crucial,排除该项。[D]曲解文意,第六段第二句shaping the history修饰long-term patterns,指的是形成地球和人类历史的长期模式,而不是要抑制重塑历史的雄心。所以[A][B][D]均可排除。


35.【标准答案】[C]

【考点分析】此题考查考生对文章主旨的把握。解题的关键在于把握文章的结构和行文思路。

【选项分析】文章主要围绕对人类未来的预测而展开,在文末指出尽管人类的未来不完全美好,但我们有足够的知识,能够减少曾经威胁早期人类的诸多风险,改善我们后代的处境。可见作者对人类的未来的态度是积极的,所以[C]是答案。[A]与第六段首句话矛盾,该句指出把眼光放远一点,有很多事情是我们能够确定的,所以[A]不正确。[B][D]中都缺少文中重复出现的主题词future,仅是文章中的局部信息,无法涵盖全文主旨,所以均可排除。

参考译文

直到几十年前,我们对于未来的想象尽管不一致,但在很大程度上却都是非常积极的。科学和技术能够治愈人类所有疾病,给人们带来圆满的生活和无限的机遇。

如今乌托邦一样的理想社会已经过时了,因为我们更加深刻地认识到了所面临的威胁,从行星相撞到流行性感冒,再到气候变化。你甚至可能会倾向于认为人类的未来会变得渺茫。

但是,这种悲观情绪是不该有的。化石的记录表明许多物种已经持续数百万年---所以为什么我们不能呢?放眼人类在宇宙中的地位,很明显,我们有绝佳的机会能够存续数万年,即使不是数十万年。不妨看看国际自然保护联盟IUCN 列出的受威胁物种的“红色名单”中对于现代人的描述:现代人被列为最不受关注的物种,他们分布及其广泛,适应能力强,目前数量正在增加,而且不存在造成其整体数量减少的重大威胁。

所以我们遥远的未来会怎样呢?现在,越来越多的研究人员和组织正在认真思考这个问题。比如,恒今基金会就设计了一个几千年以后仍然在计时的机械表作为它的旗舰项目。

或许我们故意去设想时间跨度这么长的未来,而不去想像最近的将来,因为前者更容易。如今的技术变革和它对社会的影响非常复杂,或许最好把我们能够想象的多种可能性留给科幻小说作家和未来学家去探索。这就是我们发起Arc的一个原因,它是一本专门研究不远未来的全新刊物。

但是从更远的视角来看,竟然有相当多的事情是我们可以非常确定的。因为通常,过去是通向未来的关键,我们现已识别出足够多的形成地球和人类历史的长期模式,以便有根据地预测我们的后代将来所处的环境。

这种对未来的长远观点使得我们对未来悲观的看法更有可能转瞬即逝。诚然,未来并不完全是美好的。但是,现在我们有足够的知识,能够减少威胁前人生存的危险因素并改善后人的命运。

Text 4

36.【标准答案】[C]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对文中因果细节信息的把握能力,解题的关键在于理解段落中的具体信息。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息Three provisions of Arizona’ plan及overturned定位到第二段第一句。该句指出了“州计划的三项条款被推翻”这一结果。第二句和第三句论述了产生这一结果的原因:宪法规定仅华盛顿有权“建立统一的归化条例”,而且联邦法律高于各州法律,而亚利桑那州却试图制定与现存联邦政策并行的州政策。由此可知,州计划的三项条款被推翻就是因为它谮越了联邦移民法的权威,[C]是答案。另外,根据第三段的最后一句话也可知,条款之所以被推翻是因为Arizona侵犯了联邦的特权,再次验证了[C]的正确性。[A]是原文单词的零乱拼凑,原文从未提及联邦警察。[B]偷换概念,扰乱的是联邦政府和州之间的权利平衡,而不是各州之间的权利平衡。[D]扩大范围,充其量也只与联邦政策相冲突,原文并未提及是否与其他州政策相冲突。所以[A][B][D]均可排除。


37.【标准答案】[C]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对段落人物观点的把握能力,解题的关键在于区分文章作者观点和段落人物观点。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息 Justices定位到第四段首句:法官们说允许亚利桑那州警方核实移民的合法身份,换言之,法官们赞同各州在移民执法中的合法权力,所以[C]选项正确。第四段第二句提到“国会明确鼓励各州工作人员与联邦政府的同事们分享信息、通力合作”,但没说最高法院的法官们对此的态度,[A]无从得知,排除。[B]答非所问,“各州独立于联邦移民法律”不是法官们同意的观点。[D]曲解文意,第二句提及国会通常“设想”联邦和州联合执法,而不是国会“介入”移民执法。所以[A][B][D]均可排除。


38.【标准答案】[D]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对段落细节信息的推理引申能力,解题的关键在于把握定位段落的具体信息。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息the Alien and Sedition Acts定位到第五段末句。state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts意思为“州特权可追溯到the Alien and Sedition Acts法案”,可见the Alien and Sedition Acts支持的是州的权利。[D] 是defense of state privileges的同义表达,所以[D]正确。[A]曲解文意,the Alien and Sedition Acts支持的是州的权利,不代表其违反宪法。[B]正反混淆,与文意相反。[C]中的supported一词从无得知。所以[A][B][C]均可排除。



39.【标准答案】[A]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对段落主旨要义的理解能力,解题的关键在于把握定位段落的主旨。


【选项分析】根据题干已知信息the White House定位到第六段最后两句:白宫声称亚利桑那州的法律条文严格遵守了联邦法律法规,但是它制订的这些法律与联邦政府的执法优先权相冲突,实际上它能够使任何它不同意的州法律不合法,也就是说,在执法权力上,应是联邦政府优先。由此可见“白宫的执行力大于州执行力”,[A]是对第六段主旨的高度概括,所以[A]正确。[B]无中生有,原文并未提及白宫的执行力要依赖于各州的支持。[C]错误,因为第二段中明确指出,宪法规定,唯独华盛顿(即联邦政府或白宫)有权“建立统一的归化条例”,所以白宫的权力是宪法赋予的,而并不是由联邦法律所赋予的。文中并未提及白宫的执法权力很少与各州法律相冲突,选项[D] 属于无中生有。所以[B][C][D]均可排除。

  

40.【标准答案】[B]


【考点分析】此题考查考生对文章主旨的把握和段落信息的推理引申能力,解题的关键在于把握文章的行文思路和文章的框架结构。


【选项分析】选项一一甄别。 [A]过度推理,末段第二、三句:如果国会想阻止州政府使用自己的资源来核查移民身份的话,它是有权力的,但它并未这样做。由此并不能推断“移民问题通常由国会来裁定”。第四句指出,联邦政府自恃拥有特权,在它与国会意见相左、不想执行国会希望在移民问题上实现联邦政府与州政府合作的这个愿景时,它也不允许各州与联邦政府一起移民执法。联邦政府的做法显然过于独断专行。第五句随即指出,最高法院全票否决了联邦政府的这种做法。由此可见,最高法院的大法官们是为了抑制联邦政府的权力。选项[B] 是对原文的正确理解,其中check意为“抑制,遏制”,故答案为[B] 。[C]曲解文意,末句:每一个法官都反对政府的主张,并未提及“法官想要加强与国会间的相互协作”,所以 [C]可排除。末段首句:联邦政府确实拥有某些特权,比如,对公民身份以及边界的控制权。[D]选项是对该句的改写,其中的The Administration同义替换the federal government, dominant同义替换exclusively。但是第二句But转折指出国会对移民问题也有否决权,它也可以制约各州在移民问题上的行为,因此第二句对第一句联邦政府的权力进行了否定,故[D]“政府在移民问题上具有支配权”错误。

参考译文

周一,美最高法院以5票赞成3票反对的投票结果否决了亚利桑那州移民法的绝大部分条款,这是奥巴马政府政策上的一次微弱胜利。然而,在更重要的宪法问题上,最高法院以全部8票否定了奥巴马政府在打破联邦权力与各州权力的平衡问题上所做的努力。

在亚利桑那州与联邦政府的这场较量中,最高法院的多数法官推翻了亚利桑州计划中备受争议的四项条款中的三条。它计划让州和地方警察来实施联邦移民法。宪法规定,只有华盛顿才有权“建立统一的归化条例”,而且联邦法律高于各州法律。这些规定是无可争议的。亚利桑那州却试图制定与现存联邦政策并行的州政策。

大法官安东尼·肯尼迪,连同首席法官约翰·罗伯特和法院的自由党派人士认定州法律太过接近联邦权威。在被推翻的条款中,美国国会故意“把持了(移民法案)这一领域的立法权(而又不作为)”,亚利桑那州据此才冒犯联邦的特权。

然而,法官们说亚利桑那的警察可以核查疑似非法移民者的身份。那是因为国会总是构想联邦和州联合执法,并且明确鼓励州官员与联邦同事互通信息并相互合作。

三个持反对意见的法官中,法官塞缪尔·艾力图和克莱伦斯·托马斯一致认同宪法逻辑,但是对于究竟亚利桑那的哪一条法律与联邦法律相冲突却有不同的意见。唯一主要的反对者是法官安通尼·斯卡利亚,他提出对州特权给予更加强大的保障,这可追溯到《关于制止外国人反美及制止煽动言论的法律》。

最高法院这项针对奥巴马总统的8:0的反对裁决使得大法官塞缪尔·艾力图在他的反对表决中将此描述为“令人震惊的对联邦政府执政权力的维护”。白宫声称尽管州法律在条文上遵循了联邦法律,但是亚利桑那州的法律却与其执法优先权相冲突。事实上,白宫声称它能废除任何不被其认可的、合法的州法律。

一些权力的的确确只归联邦所有,比如国籍和边界的控制权。但是如果国会想要阻止州政府使用自己的资源去核查移民者身份的话,它是可以做到的。但它从未这么做。实际上,政府在声称,因为它不想执行国会的移民愿景,所以各州也都不允许那样做。最高法院的每位法官都义正言辞地否决了这一主张。

Part B

41.[标准答案][E]

 [考点分析] 复现结构+代词指代关系定位

 [选项分析] 所填空位于段中,需根据前后句内容或上下文来确定。前句紧接首段社会科学的繁荣而笔锋一转,指出this enormous resource并没有对如今的global challenges做出足够的贡献,包括climate change, security, sustainable development and health等。后句指出尽管人类已拥有消除饥饿所需要的农业技术手段,但仍有社会问题存在,这显然是对首句的解释性例证。综合来看,可猜得所选项应该是对前句的解释,其中可能会含有global challenges或其同义词。对比选项,[D]中有global challenges,但论述的是解决问题的方法,与此处语境不符。而[E]选项中的These issues正好与global challenges同义,并且all have root causes in human behavior解释了为什么说this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges。此外,[E]选项直接用for example提出案例:Stemming climate change,对应前面的一项全球挑战climate change。因此[E]选项为正确答案。


42.[标准答案][F]

[考点分析]  上下文逻辑关系定位

[选项分析]  所填空位于段首,应据其后的内容确定。空后的话是This is a shame,其中的this必定是指前句的内容,而且该内容会使人感到shame。而且,根据破折号后对其的进一步解释可知,所填空的内容应该是社会科学界未能做好的一种情况。对比选项,只有[F ]选项明确指出many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems,其中的social scientists正好对应科学界,reluctant表明其消极态度,such problems则对应前段的the problems。所以,可确定[F]选项为正确答案。


43.[标准答案][B]

[考点分析] 复现结构定位

[选项分析] 所填空位于段尾,应据其前文内容来确定。根据该段首句话可知,该段主要论述社会科学关注的是学科内问题,而对有影响力的外界课题关注较少。接下来便对此举例论证,指出包括关键词environmental changed 和 climate change 的论文数量迅速增长。由此可知,所填空应该是继续讲述此类论文的数量问题,且应该是指向首句后半句“关注较少”的内容。对比选项,只有[B]提及到论文数量问题,且指出“这些数量还是很小的”,与原文意思一致,而且还有keywords重现。由此可知,[B]选项是正确答案。


44.[标准答案][G]

[考点分析] 代词指代关系定位

[选项分析] 所填空位于段中,需根据前后句内容或上下文来确定。该空的前句,即该段首句,和后句中均含有the amount,且均指available funding,所以空中一定会出现the amount of funding或其同义语。对比选项,只有[B]和[G]提到数字。[B]直接说明the numbers are still small,这与空后面所说的an adequate amount相互矛盾,故排除[B]。[G]选项national spending …varied from around 4% to 25%符合空中所要求的内容,既有the amount,也有available funding的内容,所以[G]是正确答案。


45.[标准答案][C]

[考点分析] 复现结构定位+代词指代关系定位

[选项分析] 所填空位于段中,需根据前后句内容或上下文来确定。所填空的前句是说,欧盟框架基金计划取消面向社会科学家的基金项目的目的不是为了忽略社会科学家,而是complete opposite。所以,接下来应该是论述其真正的目的。所填空之后的代词that指代所填内容,且该内容should create more collaborative endeavors。对比选项,[C]中的the idea is to…既与空格前The intention is not to…的结构相呼应,而且integrate their work with也与空后的collaborative endeavors相对应,所以[C]应该是答案。此外,[C]中的health and demographic change, food security, ...and secure societies也与空格后文中的global problems形成对应,属于上义下现。所以,[C]是答案。


参考译文

社会科学正在蓬勃发展。2005年以来,全世界各领域的社科专家已达近50万名,其工作领域遍及整个学术界。根据2010年度世界社会科学报告,自2000年以来,全球社科学生的数量以每年11%的速度递增。

然而,如此巨大的资源并未对当今的全球难题做出应有的贡献,包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康等。[41] 这些问题都有人类行为的根源,均需进行行为变革、社会创新和科技进步。例如,阻止气候变化事关变革消费模式、促进税收接纳以及发展清洁能源。[E]人类已拥有消除饥饿所需要的农业技术手段,从基因工程农作物到人造肥料。同样地,这里也有社会问题:食物、财富和业绩的组织和分配。

[42]尽管存在这些因素,但许多社会科学家似乎并不愿意处理此类问题。在欧洲,有一项削减社会科学研究专项基金并将其整合到可持续发展跨领域课题中的提案,有些社会科学家却对此竭力反对。[F] 这是一种耻辱 —— 社会科学界应该抓住此机会,提高其在现实世界中的影响力。重释著名社会学家约瑟夫·熊彼特的话:没有创造性的破坏,就没有彻底的革新。

如今,社会科学主要关注的是学科问题和学科内的学术辩论,而不是有外界影响力的课题。有分析表明,自2004年来,含有“环境改变”和“气候变化”关键词的论文急速增加。[43] 然而,(这些论文)的数量仍然很少:在2010年全球发表的10万篇社会科学论文中,仅有约1,600篇包括了这些关键词之一。[B]

当社会科学家着手处理实际问题时,其眼界往往局限在当地。例如,比利时主要对贫困给其带来的影响感兴趣。社会科学界的工作对知识的总体积累有多大贡献,这一点仍值得怀疑。

问题并不一定在于可用资金的数额。[44] 在20世纪90年代末期,各国在社会科学和人文学科上的支出占所有研究发展基金的比重从4%到25%不等,包括政府基金、高等教育基金、非盈利基金和公司型基金。在欧洲大多数国家中,这个数字是15%左右。[G]只要使用方向正确,这笔金额就足够了。在如今的经济形势下,抱怨资金不足的社会科学家不应该期待更多。

关键在于更好地引导这些基金。欧盟框架基金项目长期以来一直有专门面向社会科学家的基金项目。今年,有人提议改变这个体系:展望2020是一个将于2014年颁布的新计划,其中将不包括这个基金项目。这一提议遭到了社会科学家的抗议。但是其目的并不是要忽视社会科学,而是恰恰相反。[45]其立意在于促使社会科学家把自己的工作融入到其他领域中,包括健康和人口变化、食品安全、海洋研究和生态经济、清洁高效能源以及包容、创新、安全的社会。[C]这将会促成更多的合作性努力,为旨在解决全球难题的发展项目提供帮助。

Part C  Translation

46.【译文总结】然而,人们在观看那些无家可归者所创建的花园的照片时,会感到深深的震撼。虽然这些花园风格迥异,却在装饰和创造性表达之外透露出了其他多种基本的人类诉求。

47. 【译文总结】无论地方多么简陋,寻求一片静谧的圣土是人类特有的需求,而动物需要的则仅仅是避难栖息之所。

48.【译文总结】无家可归者的花园实际上是无家可归的,却给城市带来一种以前没有的或者并非如此明显的环境形式。

49.【译文总结】我们大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态,并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因,直到某天我们发现自己置身在一座花园之中,烦闷如变魔术般消除殆尽。

50.【译文总结】即使“花园”一词的使用在某种意义上有些随性,但正是这种对自然的或含蓄或明确的表达,证明了用其来描述这些人造建筑是完全合乎情理的。

参考译文

据推测,花园的产生源于建造者个人的一种基本需求: 创造性表现的需要。毫无疑问,花园表达了一种创造、表现、使用和美化非现实的欲望,而自我表现则是人类的一种基本欲望。46 然而,人们在观看那些无家可归者所创建的花园的照片时,会感到深深的震撼。虽然这些花园风格迥异,却在装饰和创造性之外透露出了其他多种基本的人类诉求

其诉求之一与动荡中谋求平静的欲望密切相关,借用T.S.Eliot的话就是“纷繁世界中的一片静土”。 47 无论地方多么简陋,寻求一片静谧的圣土是人类特有的需求,而动物需要的则仅仅是避难栖息之所。这种区别示如此的明显,以至于在栖息之所缺乏的地方,静土变得更为迫切需要。平静的心态是可以通过构建个人与其所处环境的关系而实现的。48 无家可归者的花园实际上是无家可归的,却给城市带来一种以前没有的或者并非如此明显的环境形式。这样,他们给不会言语的环境带来部分宁静,并在其中表明了自己的立场。

这些花园所表达或源起的另一种诉求或需要是其所固有的,但我们却几乎从未意识到其对我们的持久要求。当我们失去绿色、植物和树木时, 49 我们大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态,并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因,直到某天我们发现自己置身在一座花园之中,烦闷如变魔术般消除殆尽。在纽约市许多无家可归者的花园中,真正的植物栽培是不可行的,但是即便如此,表达尝试材料运用、颜色组合、小水池、花瓣、树叶以及动物标本的作品随处可见。从某种基本层面上而言,这里展出的各种奇幻元素看来都来自自然界。50 即使“花园”一词的使用在某种意义上有些随性,但正是这种对自然的或含蓄或明确的表达,证明了用其来描述这些人造建筑是完全合乎情理的。从中,我们可以看到以离奇的具象派形式呈现出的生物自卫本能 —— 一种与非人类进行联系的渴望。

Section III Writing

Part A

参考范文:

Dear professor,

I am the chairman of the Students’ Union of Foreign Language Department in Peking University. We plan to hold an English speech contest and I am writing to ask whether you can honor us to be a judge for the competition.

The contest will be held in Room 201, Teaching Building No. 3 on next Sunday, January 12, 2013. It will begin at 6:30 and may last for 3 hours. Participants are excellent students fluent in spoken English from different majors in our university. Judges to be invited include another three professors and language experts who are very familiar to you.

We would be greatly honored if you can show your presence and provide us with your valuable comments. Please contact us at 1234567 if you can come.

  Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Part B

参考范文

Recently, there has been a growing concern among the public over the topic of the choice after graduation. As is described in the picture, a group of graduates are facing various roads to go, such as searching for jobs, pursuing further study, going abroad and becoming entrepreneurs. The picture intends to convey us that, as adults, college graduates have to make their own decisions about future life.

After graduation, college students should choose future life based on their own realities and dreams. For those, who are eager to become economically independent and to put into practice what they have learned in college, taking a job or doing poineering work may be satisfying and rewarding. Getting established as a bread-winner after graduation is their main desire. By contrast, others who want to take advantage of the favorable conditions in college, however, ought to try to enroll in graduate programs inside or outside. For them, a Master's degree or even a Doctoral degree represents a much more ambitious goal than a bachelor's degree, because they cherish lifetime success and interest more in academic achievements than money.

It is sensible that we should take a rational attitude towards the decisive choice. For the part of my own, getting a higher degree abroad has long been my dream. I’m a strong believer that one should do more research and learn more while he or she is still young.

参考译文

近来,大家越发为毕业选择的话题担忧起来。正如图片中所描述的,一群毕业生正面临各种道路要走,比如找工作、继续升学、出国、创业等。这幅画旨在告诉我们,作为成年人,大学毕业生必须自己决定对未来生活的选择。

毕业后,大学生应根据自身实际情况和梦想来选择未来的生活。对于那些渴望经济独立、实践所学的人来来说,找一份工作或自我创业可能是就就期盼而颇有裨益的选择。毕业后找到一份满意的工作是他们的重要理想。但是,相比之下,那些想利用学校有利条件的人,则应该努力考取校内外的研究生。对他们来说,与本科学位相比,硕士学位甚至博士学位意味着更雄心勃勃的目标,因为他们把学术成就而不是金钱视为终生的成功和兴趣所在。

我们应该以理性的态度明智地做出果断选择。就我自己而言,在国外获得更高的学位一直是我的梦想。我坚信,人应该趁自己年轻时多做研究、多加学习。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题


Section IUse of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.


Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.


This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.


The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.


Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.


The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.


1. [A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D] recognize


2. [A]when[B]lest[C]before[D] unless


3. [A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D] eliminated


4. [A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D] accepted


5. [A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded


6. [A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone


7. [A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies


8. [A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle


9. [A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict


10. [A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards


11. [A]so [B]since[C]provided[D]though


12. [A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace


13. [A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer


14. [A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied


15. [A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions


16. [A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls


17. [A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted


18. [A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore


19. [A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable


20. [A]by all mesns[B]atall costs[C]in a word[D]as a result

Section II Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)


Text 1


Come on -Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.


Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.


The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.


But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.


There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.


Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.


21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as


[A] a supplement to the social cure


[B] a stimulus to group dynamics


[C] an obstacle to school progress


[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors


22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should


[A] recruit professional advertisers


[B] learn from advertisers’ experience


[C] stay away from commercial advertisers


[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements


23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to


[A] adequately probe social and biological factors


[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure


[C] illustrate the functions of state funding


[D]produce a long-lasting social effect


24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors


[A] is harmful to our networks of friends


[B] will mislead behavioral studies


[C] occurs without our realizing it


[D] can produce negative health habits


25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is


[A] harmful


[B] desirable


[C] profound


[D] questionable


Text 2


A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.


Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.


The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.


Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.


Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.


The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.


26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to


[A] condemning.


[B] reaffirming.


[C] dishonoring.


[D] securing.


27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to


[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.


[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.


[C] acquire an extension of its business license .


[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.


28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its


[A] managerial practices.


[B] technical innovativeness.


[C] financial goals.


[D] business vision


29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test


[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.


[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.


[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .


[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.


30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that


[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.


[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.


[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.


[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.

Text 3


In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.


Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.


Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.


Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.


In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”


31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its


[A] uncertainty and complexity.


[B] misconception and deceptiveness.


[C] logicality and objectivity.


[D] systematicness and regularity.


32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires


[A] strict inspection.


[B]shared efforts.


[C] individual wisdom.


[D]persistent innovation.


33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it


[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.


[B]has been examined by the scientific community.


[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.


[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.


34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that


[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.


[B]discoveries today inspire future research.


[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.


[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.


35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?


[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.


[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.


[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.


[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.


Text 4


If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.


There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.


At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.


In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.


Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.


As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.


John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.


36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that


[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.


[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.


[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.


[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.


37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?


[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.


[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.


[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.


[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.


38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is


[A] illegally secured.


[B] indirectly augmented.


[C] excessively increased.


[D]fairly adjusted.


39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions


[A]often run against the current political system.


[B]can change people’s political attitudes.


[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.


[D]are dominant in the government.


40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of


[A]disapproval.


[B]appreciation.


[C]tolerance.


[D]indifference.

Part B


Directions:


In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)


Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.


The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)


The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.


But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.


All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)


For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)


Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.


(45)


What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.


[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.


[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.


[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.


[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.


[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.


[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.


[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.


Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.


(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.


This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.


That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.


The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.


(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints


Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals

Section III  Writing


Part A


51. Directions:


Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to


1)extend your welcome and


2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.


You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.


Do not write the address(10 points)


Part B


52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should


1) describe the drawing briefly


2) explain its intended meaning, and


3) give your comments


You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解


Section I   Use of English


1.【答案】B


【解析】从空后信息可以看出,这句表达的是“_  _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下,法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象,所以应该选C, maintain“维持,保持”,其他显然语义不通。


2.【答案】A


【解析】从第三段可以看出,文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事,模糊了二者之间的区别时,就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。只有B,when表示这个意思。


3.【答案】B


【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明,法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损,影响他们独立、公正的名声。只有B,weaken能表示这个意思。


4.【答案】D


【解析】空前信息显示,法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响,人们就会认为其审判不公正,所以选D,be accepted as...“被认为是”。


5.【答案】C


【解析】空所在的语境为:产生这样的问题,部分原因在于“法官没有_ _道德规范”。后一句话说,至少法院应该遵守行为规范,这显然是进一步说明上一句话。所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束,选C,bound。


6.【答案】B


【解析】根据解析5可以看出,这里应该是说遵守行为规范,subject与to连用,表示 “服从某物,受…支配”。故本题选B。


7.【答案】D


【解析】分析句子结构可知,这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范,是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。apply to “适用于”符合题意。resort to “求助于”;stick to “坚持(原则等)”语意不通。


8.【答案】B


【解析】空所在的语境为,类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题:法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。提出问题,产生问题用只能选raise。


9.【答案】A


【解析】根据第8题可知,空内应填line,“界限”。 barrier “障碍”,similarity“相似性”,conflict“冲突”都不合题意。


10.【答案】B


【解析】根据句意,宪法的起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来,让其享有独立的权力。envision as “将…想象成…”。所以选B。


11.【答案】A


【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。本选项答案的确定需结合前句意思,制宪者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影响,这样一来,法官就可以免受掌权者的影响了。此空就是考察由此所带来的结果,故选[A]。


12.【答案】C


【解析】此题承接上题,可知法律不受政治的影响,从而法官也不用担心掌权者(those in power)。。hose in powerin Scalia a


13.【答案】C


【解析】此题承接上题, 结合句意, 可知该半句主要表达“法官也无需 政治支持了。” 选项C最符题意。


14.【答案】D


【解析】此题考察词意辨析。原句表达“我们的法律体系是法律完全不受政治的影响,是因为这两者是紧密。。。”。结合句意思,[D]最合题意.


15.【答案】A


【解析】此题考察词意辨析。文中说“宪法具有政治性,是因其的选择都是植根于诸如自由, 财产之类的基本社会。。。中。”自由,财产是西方社会的一些基本社会理念或概念, 故选[A]。


16.【答案】C


【解析】此题考察词意辨析。首先分析该句,可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句,限定“the law”。其次,文中语境表达“当法律处理社会政策决策问题时,。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。 四个选项中,[C]为最佳答案。


17.【答案】A


【解析】此题考察词意辨析。可由文中语境得知,该半句主要表达“ 这也就解释了为何背离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的, 从而被轻易的….”。结合语境, 以及四个选项的意思,可知[A]最佳。


18.【答案】C


【解析】此题考察词意辨析。由文中语境可知该句主要表达“法官必须。。。有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。”四个选项中, 仅[C]符合题意。


19.【答案】D


【解析】本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析。四个选项均可与连用, 其中


accessible to 易接近的;可归属的;可得到的 可归因的


amiable to可亲, 多指人和蔼可亲, 易于接近


agreeable to欣然同意的;适合的,适宜的


accountable to对…负责


此题的理解需承接整个句, 首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语, 承接前半句说明法官怎样来解决有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑 。将此四个选项分别代入,可得出正确答案[D],法官只有对对行为准则负责,也即是遵循一定的行为准则才可确保其裁决的公正与合理。


20.【答案】D


【解析】此题考察逻辑搭配。此句承接上句,旨在说明由此带来的结果,也即是文中所说的“。。。使得裁决看起来完全不受政治的影响,如法律一般令人信服。” 结合四个选项意思,可知选[D]。


Part B


41.【答案】C


【解析】略读第一自然段得知这篇文章的主题是科技给人们的生活带来的便利,重点论述了媒介。此题空在末尾,那么通读空前的内容,可以找到特征词或者中心词“create a fabulous machine”浏览七个选项,C项中的“develop such a device” 刚好与此对应


42.【答案】D


【解析】此题空在了段落的中间,需要在空前和空后找关联词,空前出现了“reason” 这个特征词,而空后出现了“war”这个特征词,浏览七个选项,D项的“because” 和“war” 刚好与此对应,所以答案选D.


43.【答案】A


【解析】此题空在段末,因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找关联词,浏览空前可以找到“superfluous material goods” ,而浏览下一自然段的句首可找到“download”这个词;那么浏览七个选项,答案A出现了“these superfluous things” ,接下来也提及到了“download”,因此可以锁定答案A.


44.【答案】F


【解析】此题空在句末,所以需要浏览下空前以前下一个自然段的句首,通读空前的内容可以找到关联词“a pyramid of production remains,”,而下一个自然段的段首提到了“television”,那么浏览七个选项,跟此关联的有两项E和F,再继续分析,E项只有“television” 这个词与空后对应,而F项不仅出现了“television” 这个词,而且出现了“this pyramid of production”这个特征词,所以,答案为F.


45.【答案】G


【解析】此题空在段末,那么需要浏览下空前的句子,寻找关联词,在B和G之间进行选择,通读可知,空前的“flow” 与G项的“the flow” 是相对应的,B项的“applications” 在文中没有提及,所以此题锁定答案G


Part C


46. 【解析】本句结构比较简单,它是一个简单句,句子主干结构是one approach takes…and seeks…。破折号后面的部分是对前面提到的理论的进一步解释。


1)take …to extreme…把……发挥到极致,把。。。推至极限


2)theory of everything万有理论。或者也可以一个短语翻译出来“适用于任何事物的理论”


3)generative equation生成等式、生成方程。


【参考译文】物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致,它探寻一种万有理论----一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。


解析:


47. 【解析】对本句话的理解关键在于对for引导的句子的正确理解。因为有两个逗号,有的同学在考场比较紧急的时间和紧张的状态下容易把两个逗号间的部分理解为插入语,那么这句话就很难理解了。


1)for 引导的句子表原因与前句是并列关系,for原因并列句中又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句


2)“it seems reasonable to suppose that”对这句话的翻译可以翻译成一个长句,也可以分开翻译成“那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头, 这种假设看上去便是合理的了。”


3)对于 “cultural diversity”的理解,我们容易受到之前在备考中经常遇到的“cultural diversity”的影响,直接翻译成“文化多样性”,但在本文,前文很多次提到了共性,所以这里我们翻译为“文化差异”更合适。


【参考译文】在这里,达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由,因为如果全人类有共同的起源,那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。


48. 【解析】这句话结构主要在于对三个“what”从句的理解。本题是三个what引导的从句 第一个是what引导的宾语从句,做filter out 的宾语。第二个what是介词from的宾语,from 是固定搭配中的介词filter out A from B。第三个what是understand的宾语,和how并列


1)句子主干可以看做:To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D


A指的是“what is contingent and unique”


B指的是“what is shared” how complex cultural behaviour arose”


C指的是“how complex cultural behaviour arose”


D指的是“what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms”


2)Filter out词组本意是滤掉,。这个单词可能有同学会不熟悉,但是如果对本句结构理解清楚,看到from这个介词,加之对前文大意的理解,我们可以猜出这个词的意思,或者理解为“区分”等也不影响全句的理解。以避免我们有的同学看到第一个单词不认识立马生出的胆怯情绪,影响下文判断。


【参考译文】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的,是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。


49. 【解析】本句结构比较明朗,关键是句子前部分单独很难理解,需要结合前文。这也恰恰说明了考研英语中的翻译首先是阅读理解的一部分,不是单独的翻译而已。


1)这里的the second与上文的“The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,”,所里这里应该翻译成“第二种理论”所以这句话需要根据上下文和逻辑解释清楚。而不能单纯的翻译成第二。。。


2)对于括号内部的处理,我们可以直接放在括号中即可。


【参考译文】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论,做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征(尤其是按照词序排列),这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。


50. 【解析】这句话的结构比较简单,复杂的是其中大量的术语和不熟悉的词汇。对于这些词汇我们根据直译即可。


本句结构:Chomsky’s grammar should show…, whereas Greenbergian….


1)That引导的定语从句修饰patterns


2)这里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成语法,所以这里可以把生成语法翻译出来。


3)co-dependencies 这个词需要根据上下词义加之词根词缀来猜测出词义,因为下文指出是两者关系,所以可以翻译为“共存性”。


【参考译文】乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式,这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径,然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间(而不是其他)有着强烈的共存性。


Section III Writing


51.小作文


【参考范文】


Dear international students,


I am the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming.


In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class.


I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!


Yours sincerely,


Li Ming


52.大作文


【参考范文】


How vivid the cartoon it is! What the profound cartoon reflects is a not uncommon social phenomenon, from which we can observe that  in this cartoon stand two men and  a bottle of milk. The 2 men show different perspectives toward the bottle of milk that is place on the ground.


According to the information given in the above-mentioned cartoon, the gist of it is regarding how we should perceive the world around us. People tend to show different attitudes towards the issue. Then , what prove to be the underlying reasons for it? The following several reasons stated below can be taken to be responsible for it. First and foremost, that issue is largely having something to do with the current state of people’ mind, without any doubt, some people are born positively, and while some others are born negatively. What is more important is that the outlook and value embodied in society affects how we throw our insights into something we are deal with.


As far as my personal thinking is concerned, when it comes to mentioning the issue concerning how to look at the world, what we should do is to observe it positively and confidently, especially when  we are experiencing and encountering setbacks, only if we have the above-mentioned proposals adopted, can we be bound to live a life of happiness.

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语一)试题

Section I Use of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.


The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.


After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.


It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.


1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored


2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off


3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof


4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous


5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments


6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work


7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as


8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion


9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant


10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by


11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed


12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to


13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source


14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading


15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual


16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly


17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued


20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hiting

Section II Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)


Text 1


Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the m ost far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.


It  is difficult to the point of  impossibility for the  average reader under the  age of  forty to  imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.  Yet a considerable number of  the most significant c ollections of  criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of new spaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.


We are even  farther rem oved from  the unfocused  newspaper review spublished in England  between the  turn  of t he 2 0th century and  the eve of World War  Ⅱ, at a  time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts crit icism was consi dered an ornament to the publications in which  it appe ared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted tha t the cri tics of  major papers woul dwri te in  detail and at  length  about  the  events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bern ard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trus ted to know what they were a bout. These men  believed  in journalism  as a calling,  and were proud  to  be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep  their  own end up in journalism, ”Newman wrote, “ that I  am tempted to define‘journalism’ as ‘a term  of cont empt appl ied by writers who are  not read to writers who are’. ”


Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester  Guardian from  1917  until shortly before  his death in 1975,  is now known solely as a writer of essays ont he game of cricket. During his l ifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so ho nored. Yet on ly one of  his books is  now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.


Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revi val? The prospect seems remote. Jour nalistic tastes  had  changed  long before his death, and  postmodern reader shave  little  use for  the ric hly  upholstered Vicwardian  prose in which  he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.


21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that


[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.


[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.


[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.


[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.


22. Newspaper reviews in England before world warⅡwere characterized by


[A] free themes.


[B] casual style.


[C] elaborate layout.


[D] radical viewpoints.


23. which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?


[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.


[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.


[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.


[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.


24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?


[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.


[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.


[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.


[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.


25. What would be the best title for the text?


[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days.


[B] The lost Horizon in Newspapers.


[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism.


[D] Prominent Critics in Memory.


Text 2


Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.


Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”


Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.


The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.


The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.


26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of


[A] their limited value to business


[B] their connection with asset allocation


[C] the possible restriction on their granting


[D] the controversy over authorization


27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?


[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions


[B] It involves a very big business transaction


[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit


[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.


28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means


[A] loss of good will


[B] increase of hostility


[C] change of attitude


[D] enhancement of dignity


29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents


[A] are immune to legal challenges


[B] are often unnecessarily issued


[C] lower the esteem for patent holders


[D] increase the incidence of risks


30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?


[A] A looming threat to business-method patents


[B] Protection for business-method patent holders


[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents


[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents

Text 3


In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.


The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends


In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.


The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.


Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.


31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to


[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics


[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas


[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics


[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.


32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”


[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems


[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends


[C]has won support from influentials


[D]requires solid evidence for its validity


33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that


[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions


[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media


[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public


[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention


34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who


[A] stay outside the network of social influence


[B] have little contact with the source of influence


[C] are influenced and then influence others


[D] are influenced by the initial influential


35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?


[A]The eagerness to be accepted


[B]The impulse to influence others


[C]The readiness to be influenced


[D]The inclination to rely on others


Text 4


Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.


Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.


After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”


European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.


It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.


To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.


36. Bankers complained that they were forced to


[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules


[B]collect payments from third parties


[C]cooperate with the price managers


[D]reevaluate some of their assets.


37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in


[A]the diminishing role of management


[B]the revival of the banking system


[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses


[D]the weakening of its independence


38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to


[A]keep away from political influences.


[B]evade the pressure from their peers.


[C]act on their own in rule-setting.


[D]take gradual measures in reform.


39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they


[A]misinterpreted market price indicators


[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets


[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.


[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.


40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of


[A]satisfaction.


[B]skepticism.


[C]objectiveness


[D]sympathy

Part B


Directions:


For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)


[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.


[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.


[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.


[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.


[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.


[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.


[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefullyand then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should bewritten clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


One basic weakness in a conservation system  based wholly on econom ic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the  biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.


When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists ju mped to the rescue with  some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.


It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,  (47) but we have at least drawn   nearer the point of adm itting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.


A parallel situation exists in respect of   predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.  (48) Time was when biologists som ewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of  game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argumentthat predators are members of the community, and that no special interest   has the right to exte rminate the m f or the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.


Some species of tree have been“read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they  grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to  be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of  the forest and its constit uent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.


To sum  up: a systemof conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.  (50) It tends to ignore , and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are  essential to  its healthy functioning.  It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

Section III Writing


Part A


51. Directions:


You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Associ ation a notice to recruit volunteers for an  international c onference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualificationsof applicants and other information which you think is relevant.


You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do not sign your own nam e at the end of the notice.  Use "postgraduates’ Association" instead.  (10 points)


Part B


52. Directions:


Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should


1) describe the drawing briefly,


2) explain its intended meaning, and


3) give your comments.


You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.  (20 points)

Section I: Use of English (10 points)


1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C

6. B 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. D

11. C 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. B

16. A 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. D


Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)


21. B 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. B

26. C 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. A

31. B 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C

36. A 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. D


Part B (10 points)


41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. A


Part C (10 points)


46 . 科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据来补救,大致说的是如果鸟儿 不能控制昆虫数量的话,昆虫就会把我们吃光。


47. 但是我们至少更倾向于承认这样一种观点:那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固 有权利,不管其存在与否对我们是否有经济利益。


48. 曾几何时,生物学家似乎过度使用了以下这条证据:这些生物是为了维持 食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或只捕食“没有价值的”物种。


49 . 在生态林业较为先进的欧洲,没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林 群落的成员适当地加以保护。


50 . 这个系统容易忽视并最终消灭陆地群落中很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而 这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。


Section III: Writing (30 points)


51.参考范文


Notice


We are looking for volunteers to help a  tth  eInternational Conference on Globalization, which is t o take place on this campus on Jan. 16th, 2010. This conference will  attract  over 200 business, academic, and  governmental  leaders fro m 50 countries. Volunteers will have the opportunity to gain exposure and knowledge as well as network with leaders and experts all over the world. In dividuals with excellent language skills in English, French or Spanish are encouraged to sign up. Those who have communication skills and  experiences in  inter ——cultural communication will he  preferred. If you  are interested  in joining this program   to  help us   with the conference,  please  email to volunteer-4- conference @ yahoo. com. cn with your phone number and time available.


Postgraduates’ Association


52.参考范文


For the past three decades, Chinese  people  have wit nessed a never—in creasing exchange of Chi nese cult ure and western culture . As  ill ustrated in  the picture, differentelements from  both Chinese culture and western culture like B uddhism , post一modernism , Confucian philosophies , Einstein , Lao She , Shakespeare , Chinese Gongfu, Opera of Swan Lake ,  and Beijing Opera , etc. are being added into a  hotpot . Certainly enough, this hotpot will be delicious and nutritious.


Such a tendency of cultural exchange can obviously be attributed to th e Opening-uppolicy and globalization. For the past thirty years, western ideas and values, literature, arts, movies, and  all sorts of cultural  products have  been in troduced to China. Such  an interaction of  different cul tures, values and traditions  has broadened Chinese  people’s visions and enriched their life. Meanwhile, many foreigners get to know Chinese culture by trave ling  to China, reading Chinese bo oks, watching C hinese  movies, or  simply surfing the In ternet.  Confucius Inst itutes set  up  throughout t he world  and the Year of China celebrated  in fore ign countri es also help the spread of Chinese cul ture. Indeed, people   not   only   in China but also throughout the world   benefit   enormously by understanding and admiring each other through this “hotpot” of different cultures.


To my  mind’s eye,  as people recognize and  enjoy the a dvantages  brought  by th e cultural exchange, they will surely hope to see more exchange, not just in terms of culture but also in all aspects of human civilization.

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I   Use of English


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1   the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2   to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3   bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4     in not being too terrifically bright.


  Intelligence, it 5    out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6    the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7    — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8  .


  Is there an adaptive value to 9    intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10    at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11    of our own intelligence might be. This is 12   the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.


  Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13   on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14   , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15  animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16   the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17  , not merely how much of it there is.   18  , they would hope to study a 19   question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20   the results are inconclusive.




1. [A] Suppose            [B] Consider         [C] Observe                [D] Imagine


2. [A] tended               [B] feared             [C] happened              [D] threatened


3. [A] thinner              [B] stabler              [C] lighter                  [D] dimmer


4. [A] tendency           [B] advantage        [C] inclination             [D] priority


5. [A] insists on          [B] sums up          [C] turns out               [D] puts forward


6. [A] off                   [B] behind             [C] over                     [D] along


7. [A] incredible          [B] spontaneous   [C]inevitable                 [D] gradual


8. [A] fight                 [B] doubt             [C] stop                       [D] think


9. [A] invisible            [B] limited           [C] indefinite                 [D] different


10. [A] upward           [B] forward         [C] afterward               [D] backward


11. [A] features           [B] influences      [C] results                   [D] costs


12. [A] outside            [B] on                 [C] by                         [D] across


13. [A] deliver             [B] carry             [C]   perform             [D] apply


14. [A] by chance        [B] in contrast     [C] as usual                [D] for instance


15. [A] if                    [B] unless            [C] as                        [D] lest


16. [A] moderate         [B] overcome      [C] determine             [D] reach


17. [A] at                    [B] for               [C] after                     [D] with


18. [A] Above all         [B] After all         [C] However              [D] Otherwise


19. [A] fundamental     [B] comprehensive    [C] equivalent        [D] hostile


20. [A] By accident      [B] In time                  [C] So far                 [D] Better still

Section II  Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)


Text1




Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.


So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.


But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.


“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”


All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.


The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.


21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being        


A. casual       B. familiar     C. mechanical    D. changeable.


22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be        


A. predicted    B. regulated    C. traced        D. guided


23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to      


A. tracks       B. series       C. characteristics  D. connections


24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing        ?


A, prevents new habits form being formed


B, no longer emphasizes commonness


C, maintains the inherent American thinking model


D, complies with the American belief system


25. Ryan most probably agree that


A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind


B. innovativeness could be taught


C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas


D. curiosity activates creative minds

Text 2


It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.


More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.


Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .


Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.  All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.


  But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.


  Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.


26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.


[A]easy availability


[B]flexibility in pricing  


[C] successful promotion


[D] popularity with households


27. PTK is used to __________.


[A]locate one’s birth place


[B]promote genetic research


[C] identify parent-child kinship


[D] choose children for adoption


28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.


[A]trace distant ancestors                                                


[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines


[C] fully use genetic information                                            


[D] achieve the claimed accuracy


29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.


[A]disorganized data collection  


[B] overlapping database building


30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.


[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing                                


[B] DNA testing and It’s problems


[C]DNA testing outside the lab                    


[D] lies behind DNA testing

Text 3


The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.


 Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.


More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.


What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.


As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.






31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries  ___________.


[A] is subject groundless doubts


[B] has fallen victim of bias


[C] is conventional downgraded


[D] has been overestimated


32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system  __________.


[A]challenges economists and politicians


[B]takes efforts of generations


[C] demands priority from the government


[D] requires sufficient labor force


33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.


[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined                                      


[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive


[C]the U.S workforce has a better education                                                


[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize


34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.


[A] when people had enough time


[B] prior to better ways of finding food


[C] when people on longer went hung  


[D] as a result of pressure on government


35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.


[A] results directly from competitive environments                                  


[B] does not depend on economic performance


[C] follows improved productivity                            


[D] cannot afford political changes

Text 4


The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.


 To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.


The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.


We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.


Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”


36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.


[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.


[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.


[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.        


[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.


37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.


[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.


[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World


[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life


[D] were obsessed with religious innovations


38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.


[A] were famous in the New World for their writings                                      


[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs


[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World


[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England


39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.


[A] influenced by superstitions


[B] troubled with religious beliefs


[C] puzzled by church sermons


[D] frustrated with family earnings


40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.


[A] were mostly engaged in political activities


[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect


[C] came from different backgrounds.


[D] left few formal records for later reference

Part B


Directions:


Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.


American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.


In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .


Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.


Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.


Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.


[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.


[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.


[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.


[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.


[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.


[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.


[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.


But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.


50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

Section Ⅲ Writing


Part A


51. Directions:


Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to


1)      give your opinions briefly and


2)      make two or three suggestions


You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.


Part B


52. Directions:


In your essay, you should


1) describe the drawing briefly,


2) explain its intended meaning, and then


3) give your comments.


You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

1-5 BADBC


6-10 ADCBD


11-15 DBCDA


16-20 CBAAC


21-25 ABCAA


26-30 ACDAB


31-35 DBBAC


36-40 BBDAC


41-45 CEABG


46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive


尽管人们可以这样说,对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响,但是这种影响并不是其最初(原来)动机的一部分。


47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。


这个制度的副产品仅仅是为人们所逐步注意到,而在实施这种制度时,认为这种影响是一个制约因素则仍然更为缓慢。


48. while it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition. it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.


尽管我们在与年轻人交往时,很容易忽视我们的行为对他们性格的影响,但是与成年人接触或交往却并不那么容易。


49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.


既然我们对他们的主要职责(任务)就是使年轻人能够参与到一个共同的生活中去,因此我们不禁思考我们是否正具备这种力量,而这种力量将有助于我们获得这种能力。


50. We are thus led to distinguish. within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering. a more formal kind of education-that of direct tuition or schooling.


因此,我们到目前为止一直在思考这种广泛的教育过程,从而促使我们去区别一个更为正规的教育,也就是说,那种直接教导或学校教育。


51:在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很成功,因此白色污染仍然继续


给当地报纸的编辑写一封信,信内包括


1 给出自己简短的看法和观点


2 给出2-3条建议


【范文】


Dear Editors,


I, as your faithful reader, am writing this letter to suggest that plastic bags should be restricted in our daily life. However, to my surprise and sadness, I have found that disposable plastic bags are still widely used in some areas just because people are unwilling to change their old habits, thus causing their surroundings to be even worse.


To solve this serious problem, I would like to put forward a couple of practical suggestions. Above all, our country should establish a strong agency to limit the production of those bags and monitor the use of them. Furthermore, some other choices should be adovcated to replace plastic bags with paper or bamboo ones. Finally, consumers should pay for the use of plastic bags so as to enhance their consciousness of environmental protection.


I really hope my suggestions would attract your due attention and receive an early reply.


Yours Sincerely,


Li Ming


52:用网络使我们看不见的东西能听见,远隔千山万水但能联系,意思就是网络的远与近


大作文是:网络的近与远


一 客观描述图


二 说明意思


三 给出观点


【范文】


As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in front of computers and in narrow spaces are sitting many people, exchanging their views with each other by surfing the Internet. How impressive the drawing is in describing the people’s addiction to the Internet. The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking.


It holds apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive problem with regard to Internet. When it comes to(一谈到) Internet,its great impacts and benefits can’t be too estimated. It is the Internet that makes our big world become a global village. However, as a growing number of individuals are addicted to (沉溺于) the Internet, they forget doing other important work and are gradually indulged in(沉溺在) the virtual world, unwilling to go into the real society. As a consequence(因此), they close their doors and never go out as soon as they return home from work, reluctant to have any face-to-face connection even with other folks except on line. What’s worse, they become indifferent(漠不关心)to their friends, neighbours, as well as relatives.


This phenomenon is harmful to us and our community too. As the pressure in life and work increases, we should learn to use proper ways to relieve it. It’s time that we took some measures to improve the situation. People can be organized to hold some activities together to develop some good hobbies. Consequently, we must make full use of Internet to do everything beneficial to make our daily life both joyful and meaningful. (272 words )

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Use of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1  to say it anyway. He is that 2  bird, a scientist who works independently 3  any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4  thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.


5 he, however, might tremble at the 6  of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7  that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.


This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10  value of 100, and have contributed 11  to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12  of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15  social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.


1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased


2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare


3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against


4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately


5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence


6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk


7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects


8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question


9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating


10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total


11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately


[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably


12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers


13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve


14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile


15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down


16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing


17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument


18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined


19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed


20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuous

Section II Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)


Text 1


While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.


Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.


Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”


Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”


Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”


Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.


21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?


[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.


[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.


[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.


[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.


22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women


[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.


[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.


[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.


[D] are exposed to more stress.


23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be


[A] domestic and temporary.


[B] irregular and violent.


[C] durable and frequent.


[D] trivial and random.


24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that


[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.


[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.


[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.


[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.


25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?


[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?


[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference


[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say


[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress


Text 2


It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.


No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.


The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.


This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.


26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses


[A] the background information of journal editing.


[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.


[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.


[D] the traditional process of journal publication.


27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?


[A] It criticizes government-funded research.


[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.


[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.


[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.


28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that


[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.


[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.


[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.


[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.


29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to


[A] cover the cost of its publication.


[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.


[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.


[D] complete the peer-review before submission.


30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?


[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.


[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.


[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.


[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.

Text 3


In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.


The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.


Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height - 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women - hasn’t really changed since 1960.


Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.


Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”


31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to


[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.


[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..


[C] compare different generations of NBA players.


[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.


32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?


[A] Genetic modification.


[B] Natural environment.


[C] Living standards.


[D] Daily exercise.


33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?


[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.


[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.


[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.


[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.


34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future


[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.


[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.


[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.


[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.


35.The text intends to tell us that


[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.


[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.


[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.


[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.


Text 4


In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.


That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.


More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.


For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.


And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.


Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.


36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to


[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.


[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.


[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.


[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.


37.We may infer from the second paragraph that


[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.


[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.


[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.


[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.


38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?


[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.


[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.


[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.


[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.


39.Which of the following is true according to the text?


[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.


[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.


[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.


[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.


40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his


[A] moral considerations.


[B] military experience.


[C] financial conditions.


[D] political stand.

Part B


Directions:


In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)


Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.


(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.


If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.


Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)


Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.


[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.


[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.


[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.


[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.


[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.


[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.


[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.


Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”


Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

Section IIIWriting


Part A


51.Directions:


You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to


1) make an apology, and


2) suggest a solution.


You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.


Do not write the address. (10 points)


Part B


52.Directions:


Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should


1) describe the drawing briefly,


2) explain its intended meaning, and then


3) give your comments.


You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

完型填空


1、答案:B


解析:本题测试语义逻辑衔接。 “ selected” 意为 “挑选”; “prepared”意为 “准备”; “obliged”意为“迫使,责成”;“pleased”意为“高兴地,满足地”, 前一句“人们不敢说”,本句中由“but ”一词可推出意思与上句相反,即“Cochran 准备说”, 所以选B.


2、答案:D


解析:本题测试词义辨析 。“unique”意为“唯一的, 独特的”;“particular”意为“特殊的, 独特的”;“special”意为“特别的, 特殊的”;“rare”意为“稀罕的,珍贵的”,rare bird 意为“稀有的人”,空格相关意思是“只有Cochra准备说”, 而且 “rare bird” 是固定搭配,所以选D


3、答案:A


解析:本题测试介词的语意搭配, independently of 意为“不依赖于, 独立”,所以选A


4、答案:C


解析:本题测试词义辨析。由“actually”推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比,所以选C


5、答案:C


解析:本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。Even 做程度副词,表示递进关系,意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C


6、答案:A


解析:本题测试词义搭配。空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的,即使他自己也….” “At thought of ”意为“一看到…”; at sight of意为年“一看见”;at cost of 意为“以…的代价”;at risk of意为“冒着….的危险”,所以选A


7、答案:B


解析:本题测试动词辨析。advice意为 “建议”; suggest意为“建议,提出’”; protest“主张,断言”; object“反对”,此句指“在论文中, 他建议…”,所以选B


8、答案:D


解析:本题测试词组搭配,in progress 意为“进行中”;in fact 意为“事实上”; in need意为“在危难中”; in question 意为“正在被讨论的”,前一句正在谈论 “ group群体” ,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”,所以选D


9. 答案:B


解析:本题考查动词辨析。从该句中的12-15 points 可知,前面的动词是与分数相关的。score的意思是得分,打分,而其他三项没有这层意思。故答案为B。


10. 答案:C


解析:本题考查形容词辨析。文中提到这组人IQ测试得分比100分高12-15分,按照常识,100分是平均分,mean的意思是平均的。所以答案为C。


11. 答案:B


解析:本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和副词辨析。disproportionately的意思是不成比例地,不相称地,比例太大(或太小的)。这句话要传达的意思是这组人做贡献的比例非常大,故答案选B。


12. 答案:D


解析:本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和名词辨析。as引导的状语从句用一些精英(包括科学家)的职业证明前面提到的这组人所做的贡献非常大,career的意思是职业,事业,符合此意,故选D。


13. 答案:A


解析:本题考查动词辨析。选项[A]affirm意为确认,肯定,符合题意。而[B]witness常用作及物动词,表示见证,表明;[C]observe, 表示观察,评论,以人作主语;[D]意思为批准,通过的意思,也是人作主语。故答案为A。


14. 答案:C


解析:本题考查逻辑关系。前文同时叙述了关于这组人的两种现象,这两种现象明显是有关联的,但是这句话说到先前人们认为两者没有关系,上下文构成转折关系,故选C。


15. 答案:D


解析:本题考查固定搭配。get down to的意思是归因于,符合句意。而give up to的意思是让给,get over to的意思是让某人明白某事,carry on的意思是继续开展,坚持,均不合题意。故答案为D。


16. 答案:D


解析:本题考查动词辨析。此处要传达的意思是重视教育的传统,只有[D]valuing符合题意。


17. 答案:C


解析:本题考查名词辨析。此句的意思是后者是由genetic isolation导致的结果,consequence的意思是结果,后果,故答案为C。


18. 答案:A


解析:本题考查动词辨析。此句Dr. Cochran的观点是这两者是密切关联的。link表示两者之间的关联或联系;integrate表示两者结合为一个整体;wave表示两者交织在一起;combine表示两者结合。只有link符合题意。故选A。


19. 答案:B


解析:本题考查动词辨析。subject to意为使…经受或遭受;limit to表示限制;convert to表示转变;direct to表示指向。本句的意思是说这些人不同寻常的历史使他们经受了独特的进化压力,只有B符合题意。


20. 答案:A


解析:本题考查形容词辨析。此处要传达的意思是独特的进化压力导致了这种似乎矛盾的状况。paradoxical 表示似乎矛盾的,似是而非的;incompatible表示不兼容的,不协调的;inevitable表示不可避免的;continuous表示连续的。只有A符合题意。

阅读理解Part A


Passage one


21.A


题目问的是通过对前两段的了解选出正确选项。通过对原文的了解可知,文章前两段主要描写男女因为生理上的差异,所以可能在相同的情况下,女性可能更容易在压力下产生焦虑和沮丧。B项和C项不符合文意,B项所指的女性遭受压力多来自男性偏离文章线索。C项所说的女性相比男性更有处理压力的经验也是断章取义 。D选项只是单纯描述男女之间在面对压力的差异,与中心偏离。


22.D


Dr.Ychuda 的研究中指出,女性实际上或许更善于容忍压力,是因为面对的压力比男性要多得多,所以才容易在压力面前表现出焦虑。A项意思错误,文章含义是指其因为身体所具备的化学物质而更易焦虑。B选项错在文中第三段第三行所提的女性容忍压力的能力或许比男性要更好。


23.C


第四段中指出,女性面临的压力大多来自家庭内部而且时常发生,并非如男性所面临的压力大多是战争和具有偶然性的动态情况中。C选项中的“持久性”和“频繁性”符合文意。A项意思是“家庭内部的”和“暂时性的”,B项是“不规则型的”和“暴力性的”,D项是“琐碎的”和“偶然的”。


24.B


句子意思是指“我活在不停的支付支票生活中”。从文中我们可以看出,因为是单身母亲,Alvarez面临很大的生存压力,付房租,支付用车花销,偿还贷款等。只有B项中所指的她的薪水几乎不能满足日常生活开销符合文意。


25. D


因为性别上的差异,女性在压力面前的主要表现。A项过于宽泛,离开了文中关于性别之间讨论的中心。C项只是文章中的一个具体知识点,不能概括文章全部内容。B项只是单纯指出了男女在压力面前的差异,但没有注意文章中侧重女性压力前表现的文意。


Passage two


26.B


解析:本题考查的是考生对第一段的理解。根据文章,第一段作者说到,实验室把他们的研究结果递交刊物,刊物的编辑在隐去作者姓名及相关信息后把论文递交给编审,根据审查结果或出版或拒绝出版此篇论文。版权由杂志社保留。研究者必须订阅杂志才能查找此研究结果的相关文章。很明显,此段讲述的是实验室报告的出版程序。选项A刊物编辑的背景信息和选项C作者与出版商的关系及选项D刊物出版的传统流程都未能准确概括本段的含义。


27.C


解析:从文章


本题的答案信息来源在文章的第二段。第二段说到,互联网使接触到科学结果成为一个现实。OECD刚刚发布一个报告,描写了其深远的影响。这份报告使到目前为止赢得不菲利润的很多出版商争相阅读(the report make heavy reading for publishers)。第三段说到核心科学出版市场利润巨大,第四段说到,这种情况正在改变,也是在线出版可能让他们利润下滑,所以让他们有些不安,故答案为C。


28.A


解析:从文章结构看,文章第一段重点地介绍了传统的出版方式,这种方式使科学工作者只有订购了该科学杂志才可以获得科学的结果。文章第二段介绍一种新型的出版方式--网络出版,使得科技人员容易获得科学结果。第三段谈到科学的价值和投资回报取决于杂志的发行量和易获得性。第四段具体介绍了这一新趋势的主要出版模式。从文章的中心是关于一种新的出版方式,以及它给科学杂志出版带来的影响--可以更方便的获得科学结果。中心词含有access,反应中心的是解,可以确定答案为A。


29.A


解析:从文中“there is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author to pay for the paper to be publish”可知答案为A。


30.B


解析:正于28题分析的,本文中心介绍了一种出版新的趋势--网络出版。B正是这一观点的高度概括,故答案为B.

Passage three


31. A


文中“…listed at over seven feet. If he had ….The bodies.. changed dramatically over the years”可以看出此段主要讲述NBA球员身高的变化;另外,从文章中心来看,可以排出B,C,D。因此选A


32. C


从第三段“but as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have increased in height by…..”可以看出生活水平对于身体成长起着非常重要的作用;另外,A,B,D选项所涉及的genetic modification ,natural environment 和daily exercise文中并没有提到;


33. B


题干中提到“most probably..”,通过排出法,可以确定B为最佳选项。


34. D


最后一段Claire C. Gordon提到90%的制服和工作站仍将会适合新招人员,这就暗示了D选项所提到的内容。另外,可以依据排出法可以知道A,B,C不正确。


35. C


从全文中心来看,文章并不是以“predict human height”为中心的,而是在谈美国人身高问题。所以C选项为正确选项。


Passage four


36. C


根据文章的逻辑一致性和联系,从第二段的“But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles of slavery…..”可以看出作者在第一段举George Washing(第一任美国总统)对待奴隶的例子是为了说明“美国历史上奴隶制的作用”。因此选C


37. D


根据排除法A项中的widely是错误的,排除;B项中说的太笼统,而第二段在讲关于slavery. C项中deliberately和made up是不对的。因此选D。


38. C


从文章的内容来看,Jefferson知道奴隶制是错误的,但是他又作出了compromise(妥协),从此而知,其对待奴隶制的态度是复杂的(complex).


39. A


从最后第二段第二句中可以看出Jefferson能在1800年大选中以微弱优势胜出是得意于其“将努力看作3/5人”,A选项是正确的。


40. B


从最后一段“after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War…. ”可以看出Washington做出释放奴隶的决定是在他看见黑人士兵在独立战争中的英勇作战以后,因此B为正确选项

Part B


08 年考试的新题型 仍旧是考生熟悉的七选五题型。本文主要内容是告诉读者如何利用好写作中的第一稿(草稿)。


41题 D


空前面出现的内容告诉读者如果写文章时只要作者不再试图避免一些事情第一稿就会跃然纸上,在空后第一句里出现了outline这个词,因此41题中也会出现和outline相关的内容。D选项的内容就中提到用什么方式来写作不重要,重要的是定下一个题目,然后可以通过整理笔记来填充你的outline(提纲)。空前面所提到的坐着写、站着写、躺着写说的正是写作的方式。


42 题 G


选项是在讲draft的问题,所以答案中还会涉及到draft。选项后的句子中提到:一些写作中的错误可以等到修改的时候才去处理。选项的最后提到不要尝试在第一次的时候写出完全没有任何错误的文稿,因此G选项符合这个逻辑。


43 题 A


在选项后面出现了that way 所以上文中会说到具体的哪种方式,只有A选项提到了具体的方式,因此符合题意。


44. 题 C


选项后面提到了these printouts,空前面提到:“在修改过程中,看打印出来的材料比看电脑屏幕容易。”因此44题选项中也会有和打印出来的材料相关的内容。C选项中很明显地有copy 还有 printer对应下文中所提及的打印出来的材料。


45. 题 E


前文提到Sammy这个人,这是一个线索词,选项中E 和F中都包含这个词,但是此段的主题句提到,在写作中要删去与主题不相关的素材,E选项中instead of adding that paragraph,也就意味着删去了这段。和主题句对应。


而F选项只是在说最后一段的具体内容,和本段的主题句不相关,故不符合题意。


Part C


46. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.


本句的考查点是that引导的宾语从句,主干是he believes that….that从句的结构是this very difficulty may have the….advantage of forcing…, and thus enabling…。Of后面forcing和enabling组成的并列结构做advantage的同位语。


参考译文:达尔文认为正是因为这个困难,促使他对每一个句子进行长时间和针对性的思考,同时也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误。这也就使他具有了别人所不具备的优势。


47. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.


本句考查点是宾语从句,非限制性定语从句。主干是He asserted that…。宾语从句的结构是his power to… was…。其中不定式to引导的部分 follow …of thought做power的定语;for which reason所引导的非限制性定语从句中又包含一个that引导的表语从句。


参考译文:达尔文同时声称,对于冗长而且纯抽象的思想,自己的理解能力并不强。因为这个原因,他相信自己在数学方面根本不会成功。


48. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.


本句考查点是同位语从句,让步状语从句。主干是he did not accept… the charge made by… that…。其中as well founded作为一个插入成分,对charge进行修饰。made引导的过去分词短语作定语修饰charge。That引导的从句是charge的同位语,包括一个while引导的让步状语从句。


参考译文:另一方面,虽然有些批评他的人一致认为他善于观察,但不具备推理能力,但是他不同意这种说法。


49. He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”


本句考查点是宾语从句,定语从句。主干是he adds …that… 其中宾语从句的结构是he was superior to …in…, and in…。which引导的是things的定语从句。


参考译文:达尔文很谦虚的补充到,有些事情需要高度的注意力和细心的观察,也许他自己在观察此类事情时比一般人有优势。


50. Darvin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.


本题考查点是宾语从句。主干是Darvin was convinced that…。其中宾语从句的结构是the loss of these tastes was not only…, but…be injurious to …, and to …。


参考译文:达尔文认为,对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失,失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣,而且可能会伤害到智力,更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。

应用文范文


Dear Bob,


I am writing to express my apology to you.


Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.


Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.


Sincerely yours,


Li Ming


大作文范文


As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society: the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.


There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we may encounter various plights, where we would be at a loss rather than to seek for others’ assistance. Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in face of disasters.


Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To begin with, the government should make laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Use of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million   1   of these nations looked   2   to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence   3   the ideas of representative government, careers   4   to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the   5   to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society, 6  there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a   7  set of laws.


On the issue of   8   of religion and the position of the church,  9  , there was less agreement   10   the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one   11  by the Spanish crown,  12  most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism   13   the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the   14  of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying   15   for the conservative forces.


The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had  16  in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's   17   colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much   18   because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies   19   Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was   20   self-rule and democracy.


1.[A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples[D] individuals


2.[A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly[D] hopefully


3.[A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained[D] rejected


4.[A] related [B] close [C] open[D] devoted


5.[A] access [B] succession [C] right[D] return


6.[A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously[D] Generally


7.[A] unique [B] common [C] particular[D] typical


8.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact[D] reform


9.[A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed[D] moreover


10.[A] with [B] about [C] among[D] by


11.[A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted[D] funded


12.[A] Since [B] If [C] Unless[D] While


13.[A] as [B] for [C] under[D] against


14.[A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion[D] influence


15.[A] support [B] cry [C] plea[D] wish


16.[A] urged [B] intended [C] expected[D] promised


17.[A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining[D] original


18.[A] slower [B] faster [C] easier[D] tougher


19.[A] created [B] produced [C] contributed[D] preferred


20.[A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared for

Section II Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)


Text 1


If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.


What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.


Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”


This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.


Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers - whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming - are nearly always made, not born.


21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to


[A] stress the importance of professional training.


[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.


[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.(C)


[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.


22.The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means


[A] fun.


[B] craze.


[C] hysteria.(B)


[D] excitement.


23.According to Ericsson, good memory


[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.


[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.


[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.(A)


[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.


24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that


[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.


[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.


[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.(D)


[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.


25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?


[A] “Faith will move mountains.”


[B] “One reaps what one sows.”


[C] “Practice makes perfect.”(C)


[D] “Like father, like son.”


Text 2


For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 - the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.


Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?


The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.


Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership - that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.


26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?


[A] Answering philosophical questions.


[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.


[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.(D)


[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.


27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?


[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.


[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.


[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.(C)


[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.


28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because


[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.


[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.


[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.(A)


[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.


29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that


[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.


[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.


[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.(A)


[D] traditional test are out of date.


30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?


[A] Supportive.


[B] Skeptical.


[C] Impartial.(B)


[D] Biased.

Text 3


During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.


In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback - a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.


During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen - and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent - and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance - have jumped eightfold in just one generation.


From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.


31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that


[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.


[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.


[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.(C)


[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.


32.As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have


[A] a higher sense of security.


[B] less secured payments.


[C] less chance to invest.(B)


[D] a guaranteed future.


33.According to the author, health-savings plans will


[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.


[B] popularize among the middle class.


[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.(D)


[D] increase the families’ investment risk.


34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that


[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.


[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.


[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.(C)


[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.


35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?


[A] The Middle Class on the Alert


[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff


[C] The Middle Class in Conflict(B)


[D] The Middle Class in Ruins


Text 4


It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them - especially in America - the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.


Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year - from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley - have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.


“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.


The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore - and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.


The current state of affairs may have been encouraged - though not justified - by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.


36.The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce


[A] the fierce business competition.


[B] the feeble boss-board relations.


[C] the threat from news reports.(D)


[D] the severity of data leakage.


37.According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out


[A] whether there is any weak point.


[B] what sort of data has been stolen.


[C] who is responsible for the leakage.(A)


[D] how the potential spies can be located.


38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that


[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.


[B] information protection should be given due attention.


[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.(B)


[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.


39.According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to


[A] see the link between trust and data protection.


[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.


[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.(A)


[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.


40.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that


[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.


[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.


[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.(D)


[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

Part B


Directions:


You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids


B. Build Your Kids’ Work Skills


C. Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities


D. Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis


E. Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies


F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are


G. Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility


How Can a Parent Help?


Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”


You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.


Kids need a range of authentic role models - as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.


Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.


Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.


They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.


What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.


Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.


If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.


(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.


Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

Section IIIWriting


Part A


51.Directions:


Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.


You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.


Do not write the address. (10 points)


Part B


52.Directions:


Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should


1) describe the drawing briefly,


2) explain its intended meaning, and then


3) support your view with an example/examples.


You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

Section I: Use of English (10 points)


1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C

6. D 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. C

11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B

16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D


Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)


Part A (40 points)


21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C

26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B

31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B

36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. D


Part B (10 points)


41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. E


Part C (10 points)


46.长久以来,法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的,而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。


47.另一方面,这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中,这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻的做法是相同的。


48.新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律,而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。。


49.事实上,很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。


50.尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量,但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。


Section III: Writing (30 points)


Part A (10 points)


51.参考范文


January 20th, 2007


Dear Sir or Madam,


I’m a student in the university and a loyal reader of this library. I’m writing to tell some of my ideas, which I hope to be helpful for you.


I notice that many magazines in our library are out of date. It would be beneficial to us students if they could be updated in time. And I suggest introducing some new journals so as to bring new fresh air to the library. Furthermore, since we have a huge number of books, it is not easy to find the right one easily. However, if we can introduce some new searching means, such as implementing new information management system that would be useful.


Thank you for taking time reading this letter and I’m looking forward to seeing some new changes soon.


Sincerely Yours,


Li Ming


Part B (20 points)


52.参考范文


As can be seen from the cartoon, different ideas may come from the same thing. In the picture, while trying to catch the upcoming soccer, the goal-keeper says to himself why it is so big. And, the striker simply thinks in a different way, that is why it is so small?!


What makes such a big contrary on the same tournament at the same moment? It is no doubt that they are facing the very same goal and experiencing the very same moment. However, the subjective views result in different impression on the same object. Many of us may still remember the story of a pony crossing the river, which we learned from the textbook in primary school. The squirrel tells him, the river is deep; and the cow tells him, the river is not deep at all. However, in the end, he tells himself a third answer. Therefore, it is not exaggerating to say that most of us are looking into the world with personal ideas. Subjective mental status may result in a really big difference in personal views, just like the goal-keeper and the striker in the drawing.


A possible solution might be to face any situation as objectively as possible. If we realize this in an objective way, it would be good for us to deal with what we encounter in life, especially when we are in setbacks or facing difficulties.

2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section IUse of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.


__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.


Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, __19__ it, “There has to be __20__ of programs. What we need is a package deal.”


1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore


2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain


3.[A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward


4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep


5.[A] generally [B] almost [C] hardly [D] not


6.[A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ


7.[A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that


8.[A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending


9.[A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers


10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss


11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only


12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house


13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering


14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas


15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance


16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up


17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating


18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus


19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes


20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordination

Section IIReading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)


Text 1


In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.


Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.


The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.


Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.


Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”


Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.


21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.


[A] identifying


[B] associating


[C] assimilating(C)


[D] monopolizing


22.According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century ________.


[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture


[B] became intimate shops for common consumers


[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite(A)


[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption


23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.


[A] are resistant to homogenization


[B] exert a great influence on American culture


[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture(C)


[D] constitute the majority of the population


24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?


[A] To prove their popularity around the world.


[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.


[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.(D)


[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.


25.In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is ________.


[A] rewarding


[B] successful


[C] fruitless(B)


[D] harmful


Text 2


Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.


The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.


The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.


The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.


Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.


It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.


26.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________.


[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue


[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage


[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms(A)


[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism


27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.


[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately


[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers


[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers(B)


[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater


28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that ________.


[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects


[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties


[C] the town is not really short of money(C)


[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid


29.According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.


[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending


[B] the company is financially ill-managed


[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable(D)


[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise


30.From the text we can conclude that the author ________.


[A] is supportive of both sides


[B] favors the townsfolk’s view


[C] takes a detached attitude(D)


[D] is sympathetic to the RSC

Text 3


When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.


That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.


Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.


Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.


31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.


[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment


[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared


[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today(C)


[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones


32.We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.


[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%


[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago


[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount(A)


[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old


33.By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that ________.


[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly


[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded


[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss(C)


[D] the data collected so far are out of date


34.Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.


[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time


[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass


[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level(D)


[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation


35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.


[A] management efficiency


[B] biomass level


[C] catch-size limits(B)


[D] technological application


Text 4


Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.


This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.


You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.


After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.


People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.


Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.


But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.


36.By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ________.


[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music


[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings


[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness(D)


[D] artists have changed their focus of interest


37.The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.


[A] religious


[B] unpleasant


[C] entertaining(B)


[D] commercial


38.In the author’s opinion, advertising ________.


[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art


[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public


[C] replaces the church as a major source of information(D)


[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself


39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.


[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness


[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing


[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied(B)


[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms


40.Which of the following is true of the text?


[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.


[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.


[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.(A)


[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

Part B


Directions:


In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.


He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".


(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.


In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.


(42) ________.


The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.


(43) ________.


The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.


(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.


(45) ________.


Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.


[A]Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.


[B]It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?


[C]By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.


[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.


[E]David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.


[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.


[G]The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?


Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.


First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.


This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.


The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.

Section IIIWriting


Part A


51.Directions


You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.


Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.


Do not write the address. (10 points)


Part B


52.Directions:


Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should


1. describe the photos briefly,


2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and


3. give your point of view.


You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)




有两幅图片,图1 把崇拜写在脸上;图2 花300元做“小贝头”


注:Beckham是英国足球明星


有两张照片,一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字,另一张照片上有一个男子在理发,他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。

Section I: Use of English (10 points)


1. [A] 2.  3. [D] 4. [A] 5. [D]

6. [C] 7.  8. [C] 9. [A] 10. [A]

11. [C] 12.  13. [D] 14. [C] 15. [C]

16. [A] 17.  18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [D]


Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)


Part A (40 points)


21. [C] 22. [A] 23. [C] 24. [D] 25.  

26. [A] 27.  28. [C] 29. [D] 30. [D]

31. [C] 32. [A] 33. [C] 34. [D] 35.  

36. [D] 37.  38. [D] 39.  40. [A]


Part B (10 points)


41. [C] 42. [A] 43.  44. [F] 45. [D]


Part C (10 points)


46.我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。


47.他的职责与法官相似,必须承担这样的责任:用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。


48.我之所以把他(普通科学家)排除在外,是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题,但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。


49.但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。


50.他们可以教得很好,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。


Section III: Writing (30 points)


Part A (10 points)


51.参考范文


Dear Sir or Madam,


As a college student who is studying and living in a good environment, I wish to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial assistance to a child in a remote area. Having conceived such a plan for a long time, I write this letter to request your help to recommend a proper candidate.


I wonder if it is convenient for you if three things concerning the child are taken into consideration. First, the child should come from Gansu Province, for I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if the child is a primary school student. I hope I will help him/her from the very beginning. In addition, he/she must be willing to return to his hometown to help built it after graduation from university.


My plan will be carried out as follows. On one hand, I will remit at least 2,000 Yuan in cash every year until he/she finishes his/her education before entering college. On the other hand, I decide to teach the child math and English in person during my summer vacation, which will surely be more beneficial to the child.


Your prompt help would be highly appreciated. And I am looking forward to your reply very soon.


Yours sincerely,


Li Ming


Part B (20 points)


52.参考范文


How ironic the two pictures are in describing one of the most widespread social phenomena concerning idol adoration! In the first picture, a young man writes the name of Beckham on his face. In the second picture, another young man spends 300 Yuan in dealing with his hair to make himself look like Beckham.


The meaning conveyed in the two pictures reveals that in current China some young people are losing themselves. I am greatly shocked by the enthusiasm for this British football superstar shown by these two young men. Frankly speaking, things of this kind really happen among us. Some people, especially college students, do nothing but concentrate on imitating superstars. This does great harm to their study and growth. If we can’t stop the worsening of this tendency, our own culture will be damaged, and we ourselves will be the ultimate victims.


From my point of view, a lot of measures should be taken to save our losing culture and re-find ourselves. In fact, some measures have already been taken. In my university, campaigns have been launched to educate people to pay more attention to our traditional culture and read more books instead of focusing on our appearances. As a result, we have witnessed some improvements but still there is a long way to go.

2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section IUse of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)


The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.


Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.


The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.


1.[A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while


2.[A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides


3.[A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined


4.[A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking


5.[A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore


6.[A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if


7.[A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting


8.[A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] determining [D] diffused


9.[A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas


10.[A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical


11.[A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses


12.[A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times


13.[A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed


14.[A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient


15.[A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create


16.[A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless


17.[A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired


18.[A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice


19.[A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable


20.[A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from

Section IIReading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)


Text 1


Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.


The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.


Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.


In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.


The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.


21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.


[A] posing a contrast


[B] justifying an assumption


[C] making a comparison


[D] explaining a phenomenon


22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.


[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals


[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature


[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other


[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions


23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.


[A] more inclined to weigh what they get


[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions


[C] nice in both appearance and temperament


[D] more generous than their male companions


24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.


[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers


[B] can be taught to exchange things


[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated


[D] are unhappy when separated from others


25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?


[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.


[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.


[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.


[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.


Text 2


Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.


There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”


Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.


Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”


To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.


26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.


[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death


[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant


[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life


[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense


27.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.


[A] a protector


[B] a judge


[C] a critic


[D] a guide


28.What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?


[A] Endless studies kill action.


[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.


[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.


[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.


29.According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?


[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.


[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.


[C] Press for further scientific research.


[D] Take some legislative measures.


30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.


[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence


[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former


[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former


[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse

Text 3


Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”


Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.


The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.


And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.


At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.


31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.


[A] can be modified in their courses


[B] are susceptible to emotional changes


[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears


[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs


32.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.


[A] its function in our dreams


[B] the mechanism of REM sleep


[C] the relation of dreams to emotions


[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex


33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.


[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind


[B] develop into happy dreams


[C] persist till the time we fall asleep


[D] show up in dreams early at night


34.Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.


[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams


[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control


[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression


[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious


35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?


[A] Lead your life as usual.


[B] Seek professional help.


[C] Exercise conscious control.


[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.


Text 4


Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.


Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.


But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.


Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.


Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.


36.According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.


[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms


[B] is but all too natural in language development


[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture


[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s


37.The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.


[A] modesty


[B] personality


[C] liveliness


[D] informality


38.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?


[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.


[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.


[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.


[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.


39.The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.


[A] interest in their language


[B] appreciation of their efforts


[C] admiration for their memory


[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness


40.According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.


[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”


[B] “radical” is to “conservative”


[C] “functional” is to “artistic”


[D] “humble” is to “noble”

Part B


Directions:


In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.


They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.


41.____


What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.


42.____


But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.


Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.


Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.


43.____


A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.


A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.


44.____


Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”


45.____


So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.


[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!


[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”


[C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.


[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.


[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.


[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.


[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

Part C


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.


Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.


Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.


49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.


In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

Section IIIWriting


Part A


51.Directions:


Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.


Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.


You do not need to write the address. (10 points)


Part B


52.Directions:


Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.


You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

Section I: Use of English (10 points)


1. [C]2. [B]3. [A]4. [C]5. [B]


6. [A]7. [D]8. [A]9. [D]10. [B]


11. [C]12. [A]13. [D]14. [C]15. [D]


16. [B]17. [C]18. [D]19. [A]20. [B]


Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)


Part A (40 points)


21. [C]22. [B]23. [A]24. [C]25. [B]


26. [C]27. [D]28. [A]29. [D]30. [B]


31. [A]32. [C]33. [D]34. [D]35. [A]


36. [B]37. [D]38. [A]39. [B]40. [C]


Part B (10 points)


41. [E]42. [C]43. [G]44. [F]45. [B]


Part C (10 points)


46.电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前,就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言,电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。


47.多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。


48.仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然,统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。


49.创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事,需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。


50.在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中,我们可以毫不夸张地说,“团结,我们就会站起来;分裂,我们就会倒下去。”


Section III: Writing (30 points)


Part A (10 points)


51.参考范文


A Letter, to Quit


Jun 22, 2005


Dear Mr. Wang,


First of all, please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for my resignation. I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation.


I decided to quit for some reasons as follows. To begin with, the job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me. What’s more, I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study. Again, I apologize for my resignation to you!


I am looking forward to your early reply.


Sincerely yours,


Li Ming


Part B (20 points)


52.参考范文


A Helpless Father


The picture ironically shows that a pitiable old man in rags is being helplessly kicked off by his three sons and a daughter, who all wear decent clothes. The father’s negligent children are all guarding their home gates lest their old father “roll into” their households. In other words, they four ignore their moral sense of assuming the responsibility for their old father even though they may be all living a satisfying life. That is a painful scene we often encounter in our daily life.


Sad to say, the moral decline of the younger generations may be a rather explosive situation in our modern society. People definitely have their living conditions improved by wider and wider margins, as evidenced by the four children’s decent dressing, but their moral sense still remains sadly unchanged or in some cases becomes dramatically downgrading. Most people might have become too much self-centered, and even worse, they discard the tradition of giving respect to the elderly. They no longer care for their elders, let alone their neighbors or the disadvantaged; instead they try every means to avoid responsibility for other citizens. When one cares for others, one might even appear stupid or may even be distrusted.


Therefore, we have to take some useful measures to avoid the scene that is mentioned above. We must launch a variety of campaigns about the return to the good tradition of giving help and love the elderly. Moreover, we must appeal to our government to establish some relevant laws to punish those who avoid their duties. The last but not the least, our respect for age is an indication of the progress of human society, as imperatives of traditions require. We sincerely wish that the old man could be welcome to any of the four households, elegantly dressed, and a smile on the face.

2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section IListening Comprehension


Directions:


This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.


Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.


Now look at Part A in your test booklet.


Part A


Directions:


For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)


Geography of Belgium


Three main regions coastal plain

central plateau

highlands 1

Highest altitude of the coastal plain _______m 2

Climate near the sea Humid

Mild 3

Particularly rainy months of the years April

November 4

Average temperatures in July in Brussels low  13℃

high _______℃ 5


Part B


Directions:


For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)


What is Saffo according to himself?


The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and ________.


The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is________.


To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and________.


What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?


6

7

8

9

10

Part C


Directions:


You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)


Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.


11.What do we often do with the things we love?


[A] Ask for their names.


[B] Name babies after them.


[C] Put down their names.


[D] Choose names for them.


12.The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if ________.


[A] the family tree is fairly limited


[B] the family tie is strong enough


[C] the name is commonly used


[D] nobody in the family complains


13.Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________.


[A] show the beauty of its own


[B] develop more associations


[C] lose the original meaning


[D] help form the baby’s personality


Questions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.


14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?


[A] 90


[B] 108


[C] 180


[D] 668


15.In 1964, Bobby Moore was made ________.


[A] England’s footballer of the year


[B] a soccer coach in West Germany


[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship


[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire


16.After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was ________.


[A] editing Sunday Sport


[B] working for Capital Radio


[C] managing professional soccer teams


[D] developing a sports marketing company


Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.


17.Belfast has long been famous for its ________.


[A] oil refinery


[B] linen textiles


[C] food products


[D] deepwater port


18.Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?


[A] Soap


[B] Grain


[C] Steel


[D] Tobacco


19.When was Belfast founded?


[A] In 1177


[B] In 1315


[C] In the 16th century


[D] In the 17th century


20.What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?


[A] French refugees arrived.


[B] The harbor was destroyed.


[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.


[D] The city was taken by the English.


You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.

Section II: Use of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.


Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.


Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.


Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.


21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing


22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because


23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation


24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response


25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else


26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding


27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with


28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject


29.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect


30.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount


31.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length


32.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence


33.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced


34.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously


35.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as


36.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage


37.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible


38.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability


39.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity


40.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing

Section III Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)


Text 1


Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent.” It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.


With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert.


For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept -- what you think you want to do -- then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.


Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them -- and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.


Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.


41.How did Redmon find his job?


[A] By searching openings in a job database.


[B] By posting a matching position in a database.


[C] By using a special service of a database.


[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.


42.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?


[A] Lack of counseling.


[B] Limited number of visits.


[C] Lower efficiency.


[D] Fewer successful matches.


43.The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.


[A] advisory


[B] compensation


[C] interaction


[D] reminder


44.Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?


[A] To focus on better job matches.


[B] To attract more returning visits.


[C] To reserve space for more messages.


[D] To increase the rate of success.


45.Which of the following is true according to the text?


[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.


[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.


[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.


[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.


Text 2


Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.


It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.


Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).


Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.


The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.


46.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?


[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.


[B] A type of conspicuous bias.


[C] A type of personal prejudice.


[D] A kind of brand discrimination.


47.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?


[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.


[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.


[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.


[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.


48.The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.


[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students


[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class


[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students


[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight


49.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?


[A] They are getting impatient.


[B] They are noisily dozing off.


[C] They are feeling humiliated.


[D] They are busy with word puzzles.


50.Which of the following is true according to the text?


[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.


[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.


[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.


[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.

Text 3


When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.


Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.


Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.


Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.


51.By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means ________.


[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business


[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work


[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit


[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation


52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?


[A] Optimistic.


[B] Confused.


[C] Carefree.


[D] Panicked.


53.When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.


[A] gold market


[B] real estate


[C] stock exchange


[D] venture investment


54.Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?


[A] They would benefit in certain ways.


[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.


[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.


[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.


55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?


[A] A new boom, on the horizon.


[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.


[C] Caution all right, panic not.


[D] The more ventures, the more chances.


Text 4


Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.


“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.


But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”


“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.


Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.


Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.


School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”


56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?


[A] The habit of thinking independently.


[B] Profound knowledge of the world.


[C] Practical abilities for future career.


[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.


57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.


[A] undervaluing intellect


[B] favoring intellectualism


[C] supporting school reform


[D] suppressing native intelligence


58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.


[A] identical


[B] similar


[C] complementary


[D] opposite


59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.


[A] a pioneer of education reform


[B] an opponent of intellectualism


[C] a scholar in favor of intellect


[D] an advocate of regular schooling


60.What does the author think of intellect?


[A] It is second to intelligence.


[B] It evolves from common sense.


[C] It is to be pursued.


[D] It underlies power.

Part B


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.


Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.


Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.


61.________


62.________


63.________


64.________


65.________

Section IV Writing


66.Directions:


Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should


1) describe the drawing,


2) interpret its meaning, and


3) support your view with examples.


You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)


Part A (5 points)


1. highlands  2. 20   3. mild   4. November   5. 22


Part B (5 points)


6.A (technology) forecaster;


7.government agencies;


8.(A) meaningful (exercise);


9.open to change;


10.Trust and cooperation.


Part C (10 points)


11. [D]12. [B]13. [C]14. [D]15. [A]


16. [C]17. [B]18. [A]19. [A]20. [C]


Section II: Use of English (10 points)


21. [C]22. [D]23. [A]24. [D]25. [A]


26. [B]27. [C]28. [D]29. [A]30. [B]


31. [A]32. [C]33. [D]34. [B]35. [A]


36. [B]37. [B]38. [D]39. [A]40. [C]


Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)


Part A (40 points)


41. [C]42. [A]43. [D]44. [B]45. [C]


46. [A]47. [D]48. [C]49. [B]50. [D]


51. [D]52. [A]53. [B]54. [A]55. [C]


56. [C]57. [A]58. [D]59. [B]60. [C]


Part B (10 points)


61.希腊人认为, 语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。


62.我们之所有感激他们 (两位先驱), 是因为在此之后, 这些 (土著) 语言中有一些已经不复存在了, 这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了, 或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。


63.这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著, 以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。


64.Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣, 逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中, 语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。


65.Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点, 其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维, 语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。


Section IV: Writing (20 points)


66.参考范文


Look at this picture. A man is running toward the end of a race, sweating all over. Perhaps there is nothing special about the man and the race, yet the end line leaves a deep impression on us for it is both “finish line” and “starting line” if we look at it from a different angle.


The picture tells us a lot about life. An ordinary runner may think that his achievement calls for celebration for he has reached his goal. But an ambitious runner will well realize that his success is the starting point for a new race. Obviously, the way we look at things determines how far we will go. If we feel satisfied with the ability to read and write, perhaps we will not strive to get a college education. Again, if we think a Bachelor degree is quite enough, we will not take pains to pass the examination for postgraduate. Life is just like an endless race. If we don’t prepare for new races, we are either disqualified from the race or surpassed by others. That’s why the finish line is also a starting live.


I like this picture. I may have been running this endless race, but I have been pushed forward by my parents or people around me. From now on, I will become more active and take the initiative, for the picture has really enlightened me.


(233 words)

2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section IListening Comprehension


Directions:


This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C.


Remember, while you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.


Now look at Part A in your test booklet.


Part A


Directions:


For Question 1-5, you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)


Boston Museum of Fine Arts


Founded (year) 1870  

Opened to the public (year)  Question 1

Moved to the current location (year) 1909  

The west wing completed (year)  Question 2

Number of departments 9  

The most remarkable department  Question 3

Exhibition Space (m2)  Question 4

Approximate number of visitors/year 800,000  

Programs provided classes lectures  Question 5


Part B


Directions


For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)


What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple? ________. Question 6


Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them ________. Question 7


Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they can’t talk with each other? ________. Question 8


Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their ________. Question 9


According to the old notion, what will make hearts grow fonder? ________. Question 10

Part C


Directions:


You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers you will hear each piece once only. (10 points)


Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping, you now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.


11.Children under five have abundant energy partly because they ________.


[A] sleep in three distinct parts


[B] have many five-minute naps


[C] sleep in one long block


[D] take one or two naps daily


12.According to the speaker, the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by ________.


[A] its genes


[B] its habit


[C] its mental state


[D] its physical condition


13.The talk suggests that, if you feel sleepy through the day, you should ________.


[A] take some refreshment


[B] go to bed early


[C] have a long rest


[D] give in to sleep


Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie, an American Indian poet. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.


14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?


[A] He could bring unfinished work home.


[B] He might have time to pursue his interests.


[C] He might do some evening teaching.


[D] He could invest more emotion in his family.


15. What was his original goal at college?


[A] to teach in high school


[B] to write his own books


[C] to be a medical doctor


[D] to be a mathematician


16.Why did he take the poetry-writing class?


[A] To follow his father.


[B] For an easy grade.


[C] To change his specialty.


[D] For knowledge of poetry.


Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.


17.What is the most important thing in public speaking?


[A] Confidence.


[B] Preparation.


[C] Informativeness.


[D] Organization.


18.What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience’s attention?


[A] Gather abundant data.


[B] Organize the idea logically.


[C] Develop a great opening.


[D] Select appropriate materials.


19. If you don’t start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel ________.


[A] uneasy


[B] uncertain


[C] frustrated


[D] depressed


20.Who is this speech most probably meant for?


[A] Those interested in the power of persuasion.


[B] Those trying to improve their public images.


[C] Those planning to take up some public work.


[D] Those eager to become effective speakers.


You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.

Section II Use of English


Directions:


Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious __21__ to how they can be best __22__ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and __23__, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. __24__ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __25__ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are __26__ by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be __27__ to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, __28__, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, __29__ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide __30__ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful __31__ dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the __32__ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult __33__ visible in the background.


In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have __34__ attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized __35__ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to __36__ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants __37__. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. __38__ they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by __39__ for roles that are within their __40__ and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.


21.[A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice


22.[A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance


23.[A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure


24.[A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because


25.[A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance


26.[A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed


27.[A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise


28.[A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense


29.[A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging


30.[A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple


31.[A] groups [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation


32.[A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security


33.[A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely


34.[A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short


35.[A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if


36.[A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something


37.[A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone


38.[A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand


39.[A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking


40.[A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency

Section III Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)


Text 1


Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage -- spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.


The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.


Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.


Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.


Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.


41.The emergence of the Net has ________.


[A] received support from fans like Donovan


[B] remolded the intelligence services


[C] restored many common pastimes


[D] revived spying as a profession


42.Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ________.


[A] introduce the topic of online spying


[B] show how he fought for the U.S.


[C] give an episode of the information war


[D] honor his unique services to the CIA


43.The phrase “making the biggest splash” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.


[A] causing the biggest trouble


[B] exerting the greatest effort


[C] achieving the greatest success


[D] enjoying the widest popularity


44.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that ________.


[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true


[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information


[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability


[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information


45.Straitford is most proud of its ________.


[A] official status


[B] nonconformist image


[C] efficient staff


[D] military background

Text 2


To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.


For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.


Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way -- in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.


Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.


46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to ________.


[A] call on scientists to take some actions


[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights


[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research


[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement


47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.


[A] cruel but natural


[B] inhuman and unacceptable


[C] inevitable but vicious


[D] pointless and wasteful


48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s ________.


[A] discontent with animal research


[B] ignorance about medical science


[C] indifference to epidemics


[D] anxiety about animal rights


49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________.


[A] communicate more with the public


[B] employ hi-tech means in research


[C] feel no shame for their cause


[D] strive to develop new cures


50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.


[A] a well-known humanist


[B] a medical practitioner


[C] an enthusiast in animal rights


[D] a supporter of animal research

Text 3


In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.


Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.


The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.


Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.


Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.


51.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.


[A] cost reduction is based on competition


[B] services call for cross-trade coordination


[C] outside competitors will continue to exist


[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat


52.What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?


[A] Indifferent.


[B] Supportive.


[C] Indignant.


[D] Apprehensive.


53.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.


[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad


[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide


[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief


[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business


54.The word “arbiters” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________.


[A] who work as coordinators


[B] who function as judges


[C] who supervise transactions


[D] who determine the price


55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________.


[A] the continuing acquisition


[B] the growing traffic


[C] the cheering Wall Street


[D] the shrinking market

Text 4


It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death -- and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.


Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.


In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age -- say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way,” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.


I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.


Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.


56.What is implied in the first sentence?


[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.


[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.


[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.


[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.


57.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.


[A] medical resources are often wasted


[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases


[C] some treatments are too aggressive


[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable


58.The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of ________.


[A] strong disapproval


[B] reserved consent


[C] slight contempt


[D] enthusiastic support


59.In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.


[A] more flexibly


[B] more extravagantly


[C] more cautiously


[D] more reasonably


60.The text intends to express the idea that ________.


[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives


[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living


[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life


[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care

Part B


Directions:


Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)


Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.


“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.


Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.


Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.


All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.


Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.


65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

Section IV Writing


66.Directions:


Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should


1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and


2) point out its implications in our life.


You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)


Part A (5 points)


1. 1876   2. 1981   3. textiles   4. 19,137   5. concerts


Part B (5 points)


6.(the couple) themselves


7.constructively


8.a qualified psychologist


9.good intentions


10.absence


Part C (10 points)


11. [D]12. [A]13. [D]14. [B]15. [C]


16. [B]17. [B]18. [C]19. [A]20. [D]


Section II: Use of English (10 points)


21. [A]22. [B]23. [C]24. [D]25. [C]


26. [B]27. [D]28. [C]29. [A]30. [D]


31. [A]32. [D]33. [B]34. [D]35. [C]


36. [D]37. [B]38. [A]39. [C]40. [A]


Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)


Part A (40 points)


41. [B]42. [A]43. [C]44. [D]45. [B]


46. [A]47. [B]48. [B]49. [A]50. [D]


51. [C]52. [D]53. [C]54. [B]55. [A]


56. [C]57. [A]58. [B]59. [D]60. [C]


Part B (10 points)


61.而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。


62.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图象自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。


63.强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。


64.泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。


65.因此,人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样,是一个抽象概念,它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。


Section IV: Writing (20 points)


66.参考范文


As is shown in the two pictures, the same flower has different fate when put in different situations. When there is protection, the flower blooms beautifully. However, when exposed directly to rain and storm, the flower quickly withers. We can safely come to the conclusion that greenhouse flowers cannot withstand rain and storm.


The same is true with our children. As the one-child policy is adopted in China, more and more parents overprotect their children. With everything done for them and every need satisfied by their parents or grandparents, these only children seem to be healthy, happy and high-spirited. But when they leave home, they become disappointed and frustrated. Facing harsh things they have never experienced before, such as competition from peers, criticism from supervisors, pressure for deadlines and restriction for discipline, they will be at a loss, miserable or even desperate. In fact, the more protection they get from their parents, the less ability they acquire. Parents’ love for their children turns out to be a disaster.


Children, like flowers, should be treated with care, but reasonable and sensible ways of doing things will help to bring about more fruitful results, if we not only love our children but also teach them how to love, our love will be passed down from generation to generation; if we not only solve problems for our children but also encourage them to solve problems, our diligence and ingenuity will make our life more meaningful and worthwhile.

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